| Match 1 (1):
Reference (000026 .. 000079, of 28480): |
Subject (000023 .. 000075, of 22118): |
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Both Charles Darwin himself and contemporary neo Darwinists such as Francisco Ayala Richard Dawkins and Richard Lewontin acknowledge that biological organisms appear to have been designed by an intelligence Yet classical Darwinists and contemporary Darwinists alike have argued that what Francisco Ayala calls the obvious design of living things is only apparent As Ayala |
Both Darwin himself and contemporary neo Darwinists such as Francisco Ayala Richard Dawkins and Richard Lewontin acknowledge that biological organisms appear to have been designed by an intelligence Yet classical Darwinists and contemporary Darwinists alike have argued that what Francisco Ayala calls the obvious design of living things is only apparent As Ayala |
| Match 2 (1):
Reference (000082 .. 000155, of 28480): |
Subject (000077 .. 000147, of 22118): |
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president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science has explained The functional design of organisms and their features would therefore seem to argue for the existence of a designer It was Darwin s greatest accomplishment to show that the directive organization of living beings can be explained as the result of a natural process natural selection without any need to resort to a Creator or other external agent 1 According to Darwin |
president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science has explained The functional design of organisms and their features would therefore seem to argue for the existence of a designer It was Darwin s greatest accomplishment to show that the directive organization of living beings can be explained as the result of a natural process natural selection without any need to resort to a Creator or other external agent Darwin |
| Match 3 (1):
Reference (000152 .. 000168, of 28480): |
Subject (000164 .. 000180, of 22118): |
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1 According to Darwin and his contemporary followers the mechanism of natural selection acting on random variation |
1 According to Darwin and his contemporary followers the mechanism of natural selection acting on random variation |
| Match 4 (1):
Reference (000171 .. 000191, of 28480): |
Subject (000182 .. 000204, of 22118): |
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to explain the origin of those features of life that once seemed to require explanation by reference to an intelligent or |
to explain the origin of those features of life that once seemed to require explanation by reference to an intelligent designer Thus according |
| Match 5 (1):
Reference (000171 .. 000242, of 28480): |
Subject (000182 .. 000250, of 22118): |
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to explain the origin of those features of life that once seemed to require explanation by reference to an intelligent or purposeful designer Thus according to 323 Darwinists the design hypothesis now represents an unnecessary and unparsimonious explanation for the complexity and apparent design of living organisms On these as well as methodological grounds contemporary biologists have generally excluded the design hypothesis from consideration as an explanation for the origin of biological |
to explain the origin of those features of life that once seemed to require explanation by reference to an intelligent designer Thus according to Darwinists the design hypothesis now represents an unnecessary and unparsimonious explanation for the complexity and apparent design of living organisms On these as well as methodological grounds contemporary biologists have generally excluded the design hypothesis from consideration as an explanation for the origin of biological |
| Match 6 (1):
Reference (000244 .. 000352, of 28480): |
Subject (000252 .. 000369, of 22118): |
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Yet does Darwinism in either its classical or contemporary versions fully succeed in explaining the origin of biological form Can it explain all evidence of apparent design Most biologists now acknowledge that the Darwinian mechanism of natural selection acting on random variations can explain small scale microevolutionary changes such as cyclical variations in the size of the beaks of Galapagos finches or reversible changes in the expression of genes controlling color in English peppered moths 2 But what about the large scale innovations in the history of life What about the origin of completely new organs body plans and structures the macroevolutionary innovation to which the fossil record attests |
Yet does Darwinism in either its classical or contemporary versions fully succeed in explaining the origin of biological form and function Can it explain all evidence of apparent design Most biologists now acknowledge that the Darwinian mechanism of natural selection acting on random variations can explain small scale micro evolutionary changes such as cyclical variations in the size of the beaks of Galapagos finches or reversible changes in the expression of genes controlling color in English peppered moths 2 But what about the origin of the larger scale innovations in the history of life What about the origin of completely new organs body plans and structures What about the macro evolutionary innovation to which the fossil record attests |
| Match 7 (1):
Reference (000354 .. 000383, of 28480): |
Subject (000371 .. 000398, of 22118): |
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Darwinism or neo Darwinism or any other strictly materialistic model of evolutionary change explain the origin of the basic body plans or structural designs of animal life without invoking actual |
Darwinism or neo Darwinism or any other model of evolutionary change explain the origin of the basic body plans or structural designs of animal life without invoking actual |
| Match 8 (1):
Reference (000406 .. 000418, of 28480): |
Subject (000415 .. 000426, of 22118): |
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of evolutionary theory punctuated equilibrium and self organization We will do so by |
of evolutionary theory known as punctuated equilibrium We will do so by |
| Match 9 (1):
Reference (000428 .. 000441, of 28480): |
Subject (000443 .. 000456, of 22118): |
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of the Cambrian explosion a term that refers to the geologically sudden appearance of |
of the Cambrian explosion a term that refers to the geologically sudden appearance of |
| Match 10 (1):
Reference (000449 .. 000468, of 28480): |
Subject (000462 .. 000481, of 22118): |
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body plans 530 million years ago We shall show that the Cambrian fossil record contradicts the empirical expectations of both |
body plans 530 million years ago We shall show that the Cambrian fossil record contradicts the empirical expectations of both |
| Match 11 (1):
Reference (000464 .. 000473, of 28480): |
Subject (006422 .. 006430, of 22118): |
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the empirical expectations of both neo Darwinism and punctuated equilibrium |
the empirical expectations of neo Darwinism and punctuated equilibrium |
| Match 12 (1):
Reference (000474 .. 000489, of 28480): |
Subject (000484 .. 000500, of 22118): |
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in several significant respects We further show that neither neo Darwinism s selection mutation mechanism nor |
in several significant respects We will further show that neither neo Darwinism s selection mutation mechanism nor |
| Match 13 (1):
Reference (000554 .. 000575, of 28480): |
Subject (000561 .. 000584, of 22118): |
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The term Cambrian explosion describes the geologically sudden appearance of animals in the fossil record during the Cambrian period of geologic time |
The term Cambrian Explosion describes the geologically sudden appearance of multi cellular animals in the fossil record during the Cambrian period of geologic time |
| Match 14 (1):
Reference (000591 .. 000601, of 28480): |
Subject (000597 .. 000607, of 22118): |
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phyla made their first appearance on earth 3 Phyla constitute the |
phyla first made their appearance on earth 3 Phyla constitute the |
| Match 15 (1):
Reference (000606 .. 000673, of 28480): |
Subject (000608 .. 000677, of 22118): |
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highest biological categories in the animal kingdom with each phylum exhibiting a unique architecture blueprint or structural body plan Familiar examples of basic animal body plans are cnidarians corals and jellyfish mollusks squids and shellfish arthropods crustaceans insects and trilobites echinoderms sea star and sea urchins and the chordates the phylum to which all vertebrates including humans belong The fossils of the Cambrian explosion exhibit several distinctive features |
highest biological categories or taxa in the animal kingdom with each phylum exhibiting a unique architecture blueprint or structural body plan Familiar examples of basic animal body plans are cnidarians corals and jellyfish mollusks squids and shellfish arthropods crustaceans insects and trilobites echinoderms sea star and sea urchins and the chordates the phylum to which all vertebrates including humans belong The fossils of the Cambrian explosion exhibit several distinctive features |
| Match 16 (1):
Reference (000687 .. 000709, of 28480): |
Subject (000678 .. 000700, of 22118): |
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First as the name implies the fossils of the Cambrian explosion appear suddenly or abruptly within a very brief period of geologic time |
First as the name implies the fossils of the Cambrian explosion appear suddenly or abruptly within a very brief period of geologic time |
| Match 17 (1):
Reference (000711 .. 000731, of 28480): |
Subject (000702 .. 000721, of 22118): |
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figures 1 and 2 As recently as 1992 paleontologists thought the Cambrian period began 570 million years ago and ended 510 |
Figure 1 As recently as 1992 paleontologists thought the Cambrian period began 570 million years ago mya and ended 510 |
| Match 18 (1):
Reference (000735 .. 000793, of 28480): |
Subject (000723 .. 000781, of 22118): |
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with the Cambrian explosion itself occurring within a 20 to 40 million year window during the lower Cambrian period In 1993 radiometric dating of zircon crystals from formations just above and just below Cambrian strata in Siberia allowed for a precise recalibration of the age of Cambrian strata Radiometric analyses of these crystals fixed the start of the Cambrian |
with the Cambrian explosion itself occurring within a 20 to 40 million year window during the lower Cambrian period In 1993 radiometric dating of zircon crystals from formations just above and just below Cambrian strata in Siberia allowed for a precise recalibration of the age of Cambrian strata Radiometric analyses of these crystals fixed the start of the Cambrian |
| Match 19 (1):
Reference (000735 .. 000795, of 28480): |
Subject (000723 .. 000781, of 22118): |
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with the Cambrian explosion itself occurring within a 20 to 40 million year window during the lower Cambrian period In 1993 radiometric dating of zircon crystals from formations just above and just below Cambrian strata in Siberia allowed for a precise recalibration of the age of Cambrian strata Radiometric analyses of these crystals fixed the start of the Cambrian The Cambrian |
with the Cambrian explosion itself occurring within a 20 to 40 million year window during the lower Cambrian period In 1993 radiometric dating of zircon crystals from formations just above and just below Cambrian strata in Siberia allowed for a precise recalibration of the age of Cambrian strata Radiometric analyses of these crystals fixed the start of the Cambrian |
| Match 20 (1):
Reference (000812 .. 000823, of 28480): |
Subject (009750 .. 009756, of 22118): |
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of the major animal groups phyla that first appeared in the Cambrian |
of the animal phyla in the Cambrian |
| Match 21 (1):
Reference (000870 .. 000903, of 28480): |
Subject (000807 .. 000838, of 22118): |
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figure 2 4 These studies also showed that the Cambrian explosion occurred within an exceedingly narrow window of geologic time lasting no more than 5 million years Geologically speaking 5 million years represents a |
Figure 2 These studies also showed that Cambrian explosion occurred within an exceedingly narrow window of geologic time lasting no more than 5 million years Geologically speaking 5 million years represents an |
| Match 22 (1):
Reference (000908 .. 000951, of 28480): |
Subject (000842 .. 000885, of 22118): |
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of Earth s history As Chinese paleontologist Jun Yuan Chen has explained compared with the 3 plus billion year history of life on earth the period of the explosion can be likened to one minute in 24 hours of one day 5 Yet most |
of the Earth s history As Chinese paleontologist Chen Junyuan has explained compared with the 3 plus billion year history of life on earth the period of the explosion can be likened to one minute in 24 hours of one day 5 Yet almost |
| Match 23 (1):
Reference (000961 .. 001086, of 28480): |
Subject (000896 .. 001021, of 22118): |
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forms occurred abruptly within just such a small fraction of the earth s history during the Cambrian Due to the suddenness of the appearance of animal life in the Cambrian the Cambrian explosion has now earned titles such as The Big Bang of Animal Evolution Scientific American Evolution s Big Bang Science and the Biological Big Bang Science News 6 To say that the fauna of the Cambrian period appeared in a geologically sudden manner also implies the absence of clear transitional intermediates connecting the complex Cambrian animals with those simpler living forms found in lower strata Indeed in almost all cases the body plans and structures present in Cambrian period animals have no clear morphological antecedents in earlier strata Some have argued that perhaps the |
forms occurred abruptly within just such a small fraction of the earth s history during the Cambrian Due to the suddenness of the appearance of animal life in the Cambrian the Cambrian explosion has now earned titles such as The Big Bang of Animal Evolution Scientific American Evolution s Big Bang Science and the Biological Big Bang Science News 6 To say that the fauna of the Cambrian period appeared in a geologically sudden manner also implies the absence of clear transitional intermediates connecting the complex Cambrian animals with those simpler living forms found in lower strata Indeed in almost all cases the body plans and structures present in Cambrian period animals have no clear morphological antecedents in earlier strata Some have argued that perhaps the |
| Match 24 (1):
Reference (001131 .. 001140, of 28480): |
Subject (000814 .. 000824, of 22118): |
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Cambrian explosion occurred within a narrow window of geologic time |
Cambrian explosion occurred within an exceedingly narrow window of geologic time |
| Match 25 (1):
Reference (001193 .. 001205, of 28480): |
Subject (001084 .. 001096, of 22118): |
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Second the Cambrian explosion exhibits an extraordinary morphological breadth and representation of the |
Second the Cambrian explosion exhibits an extraordinary morphological breadth and completeness at the |
| Match 26 (1):
Reference (001216 .. 001229, of 28480): |
Subject (001106 .. 001119, of 22118): |
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of the basic body plans or architectural designs of the animal kingdom Representatives of |
of the basic body plans or architectural designs of the animal kingdom Representatives of |
| Match 27 (1):
Reference (001255 .. 001268, of 28480): |
Subject (006157 .. 006168, of 22118): |
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the Precambrian Six animal phyla first appear in the fossil record after the Cambrian |
the phyla that first appear in the fossil record after the Cambrian |
| Match 28 (1):
Reference (001327 .. 001340, of 28480): |
Subject (001177 .. 001190, of 22118): |
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All living phyla may have originated by the end of the Cambrian explosion 8 |
All living phyla may have originated by the end of the Cambrian explosion 8 |
| Match 29 (1):
Reference (001327 .. 001343, of 28480): |
Subject (001177 .. 001192, of 22118): |
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All living phyla may have originated by the end of the Cambrian explosion 8 An especially dramatic |
All living phyla may have originated by the end of the Cambrian explosion 8 Especially dramatic |
| Match 30 (1):
Reference (001345 .. 001369, of 28480): |
Subject (001186 .. 001210, of 22118): |
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of the Cambrian explosion is the first appearance of all the invertebrate phyla and subphyla with mineralized exoskeletons including the advanced metazoans such as Mollusca |
of the Cambrian explosion 8 Especially dramatic is the appearance of all the invertebrate phyla with mineralized exoskeletons including the advanced metazoa such as Mollusca |
| Match 31 (1):
Reference (001403 .. 001443, of 28480): |
Subject (001211 .. 001250, of 22118): |
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Echinodermata and Arthropoda Trilobites see figure 3 a subphylum of Arthropoda were highly complex animals whose thoraxes comprised three lobes or sections a medial axial ring and two lateral pleurae The bodies of trilobites were covered by a shieldlike keratinized exoskeleton |
Echinodermata and Arthropoda Trilobites a subphylum of Arthropoda were highly complex animals whose thoraxes comprised three lobes or sections a medial axial ring and two lateral pleurae The bodies of trilobites were covered by an outer shield like keratinized exoskeleton |
| Match 32 (1):
Reference (001444 .. 001510, of 28480): |
Subject (001256 .. 001322, of 22118): |
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called a carapace which covered both the head and thorax of these animals Like modern arthropods trilobites grew by shedding their carapaces and these cast off carapaces help to account for the abundance of trilobite fossils The Chengjiang fauna also contains a number of fossils of now extinct top ofthe food chain predators with exotic names such as Anomalocaris up to six feet in length see figure |
called a carapace covered both the head and thorax of these animals Like modern arthropods trilobites grew by shedding their carapaces and these cast off carapaces help to account for the abundance of trilobite fossils The Chengjiang fauna also contains a number of fossils of now extinct top of the food chain predators with exotic names such as Anomolocaris up to six feet in length see Figure |
| Match 33 (1):
Reference (001509 .. 001549, of 28480): |
Subject (001331 .. 001370, of 22118): |
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see figure 4 which indicates the presence of a complex food web and a diverse ecological community Shelled animals leave a far more durable and extensive record than their soft bodied counterparts Nevertheless Cambrian fossil discoveries from both the Burgess shale |
see Figure 4 indicate the presence of a complex food web and a diverse ecological community Shelled animals leave a far more durable and extensive record than their soft bodied counterparts Nevertheless Cambrian fossil discoveries from both the Burgess shale |
| Match 34 (1):
Reference (001593 .. 001645, of 28480): |
Subject (001379 .. 001429, of 22118): |
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near Chengjiang China have also shown exquisitely preserved soft bodied fauna The Chengjiang fauna even show many excellent examples of well preserved animals with soft tissue animals lacking even a keratinized exoskeleton including members of phyla such as Cnidaria Ctenophora see figure 5 Annelida Onycophora Phoronida see figure 6 and Priapulida Burgess Shale |
near Chengjiang China have also shown exquisitely preserved soft bodied fauna The Chengjiang fauna even show many excellent examples of well preserved animals with soft tissue animals lacking even a keratinized exoskeleton 9 including members of still extant phyla such as Cnidaria Ctenophora Annelida Onycophora Phoronida and Priapulida The Burgess Shale |
| Match 35 (1):
Reference (001662 .. 001717, of 28480): |
Subject (001442 .. 001497, of 22118): |
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were long lived and geographically widespread The lower Cambrian sediments near Chengjiang have preserved fossils of such excellent quality that soft tissues and organs such as eyes intestines stomachs digestive glands sensory organs epidermis bristles mouths and nerves can be observed in detail Even fossilized embryos of sponges are present in the Precambrian strata near Chengjiang |
were long lived and geographically widespread The Lower Cambrian sediments near Chengjiang have preserved fossils of such excellent quality that soft tissues and organs such as eyes intestines stomachs digestive glands sensory organs epidermis bristles mouths and nerves can be observed in detail Even fossilized embryos of sponges are present in the Precambrian strata near Chengjiang |
| Match 36 (1):
Reference (001719 .. 001764, of 28480): |
Subject (001499 .. 001542, of 22118): |
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Cambrian level strata show the soft body parts of jellyfish like organisms known as Eldonia see figure 7 such as radiating water canals and nerve rings These fossils even include the gut contents of several different kinds of animals and undigested food residue in their stools |
Cambrian level strata show the soft body parts of jelly fish like organisms known as Eldonia such as radiating water canals and nerve rings These fossils even include the gut contents of several different kinds of animals and undigested food residue in their stools |
| Match 37 (1):
Reference (001800 .. 001833, of 28480): |
Subject (001544 .. 001578, of 22118): |
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The Chengjiang fauna also confirms the presence of animals from the phylum Chordata Yunnanozoon lividum is a fusiform eel shaped animal with among other features a digestive tract branchial arches and a large notochord |
The Chengjiang fauna also confirm the presence of animals from the Phylum Chordata including most prominently Yunnanozoon lividum a fusiform eelshaped animal with among other features a digestive tract branchial archers and a large notocord |
| Match 38 (1):
Reference (001912 .. 001936, of 28480): |
Subject (001603 .. 001627, of 22118): |
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have recently reported the discovery of a sophisticated craniate like chordate called Haikouella lancelota from the lower Cambrian Maotianshan Shale in China According to Chen |
have recently reported the discovery of a sophisticated craniate like chordate called Haikouella lancelota from the Lower Cambrian Maotianshan Shale in China According to Chen |
| Match 39 (1):
Reference (001940 .. 001985, of 28480): |
Subject (001630 .. 001675, of 22118): |
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Haikouella has many of the same features of the Yunnanozoon lividum as well as several additional anatomical features including a heart ventral and dorsal aorta an anterior branchial arterial gill filaments a caudal projection a neural cord with a relatively large brain a head with possible |
Haikouella has many of the same features of the Yunnanozoon lividum as well as several additional anatomic features including a heart ventral and dorsal aorta an anterior branchial arterial gill filaments a caudal projection a neural cord with a relatively large brain a head with possible |
| Match 40 (1):
Reference (002013 .. 002025, of 28480): |
Subject (001668 .. 001686, of 22118): |
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Iotuba chengjiangensis lateral eyes and a ventrally situated buccal cavity with short tentacles |
a relatively large brain a head with possible lateral eyes and a ventrally situated buccal cavity with short tentacles |
| Match 41 (1):
Reference (002031 .. 002052, of 28480): |
Subject (001689 .. 001710, of 22118): |
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Simon Conway Morris and several Chinese colleagues have made a dramatic find of two small fish fossils Myllokunmingia fengjiaoa and Haikouichthys ercaicunensis |
Simon Conway Morris and several Chinese colleagues have made a dramatic find of two small fish fossils Myllokunmingia fengjiaoa and Haikouichthys ercaicunensis |
| Match 42 (1):
Reference (002058 .. 002067, of 28480): |
Subject (001711 .. 001720, of 22118): |
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suggesting a much earlier appearance for vertebrates than previously thought |
suggesting a much earlier appearance for vertebrates than previously thought |
| Match 43 (1):
Reference (002388 .. 002480, of 28480): |
Subject (001781 .. 001873, of 22118): |
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A third feature of the Cambrian explosion as well as the subsequent fossil record bears mentioning The major body plans that arise in the Cambrian period exhibit considerable morphological isolation from one another or disparity and then subsequent stasis Though all Cambrian and subsequent animals fall clearly within one of a limited number of basic body plans each of these body plans exhibits clear morphological differences and thus disparity from the others 17 The animal body plans as represented in the fossil record do not grade imperceptibly one into another either at a |
A third feature of the Cambrian explosion as well as the subsequent fossil record bears mentioning The major body plans that arise in the Cambrian period exhibit considerable morphological isolation from one another or disparity and then subsequent stasis Though all Cambrian and subsequent animals fall clearly within one of a limited number of basic body plans 15 each of these body plans exhibit clear morphological differences and thus disparity from the others The animal body plans as represented in the fossil record do not grade imperceptibly one into another either at a |
| Match 44 (1):
Reference (002482 .. 002507, of 28480): |
Subject (001875 .. 001896, of 22118): |
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time in geological history or over the course of geological history Instead the body plans of the animals characterizing the separate phyla maintain their distinctive morphological |
time or over the course of geological history Instead the body plans of the animals characterizing the separate phyla maintain their morphological |
| Match 45 (1):
Reference (002549 .. 002644, of 28480): |
Subject (001966 .. 002061, of 22118): |
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In one sense of course the stasis of the phylum as an abstract morphological unit is unremarkable since phyla are defined for classificatory purposes by reference to an invariant set of anatomical characteristics In another sense however body plan stasis as it finds expression in actual animals is quite remarkable precisely because actual animals naturally do fall within one and only one of a disparate but limited number of classifi catory categories While the phyla as abstract classificatory units must by definition exhibit stasis the body plans of actual animals need not obey this definitional logic |
In one sense of course the morphological stasis of the phyla as an abstract morphological unit is unremarkable since phyla are defined for classificatory purposes by reference to an invariant set of anatomical characteristics In another sense however body plan stasis as it finds expression in actual animals is quite remarkable precisely because actual animals naturally do fall within one and only one of a disparate but limited number of classificatory categories While the phyla as abstract classificatory units must by definition exhibit stasis the body plans of actual animals need not obey this definitional logic |
| Match 46 (1):
Reference (002753 .. 002783, of 28480): |
Subject (002133 .. 002163, of 22118): |
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Fourth the sudden emergence of the various animals of the Cambrian explosion represents a dramatic discontinuous or quantum increase in the information content or specified complexity of the biological world For |
Fourth the sudden emergence of the various animals of the Cambrian explosion represents a dramatic discontinuous or quantum increase in the information content or specified complexity of the biological world For |
| Match 47 (1):
Reference (002785 .. 002849, of 28480): |
Subject (002165 .. 002228, of 22118): |
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billion years or five sixths of the earth s history the biological realm included little more than unicellular bacteria and blue green algae During this time some significant increases in complexity did occur About 2 7 billion years ago more complex eukaryotic cells cells with nuclei emerged after nearly 1 billion years of earth s history in which only prokaryotic cells existed on the earth |
billion years or five sixths of the earth s history the biological realm included little more than unicellular bacteria and bluegreen algae During this time some significant increases in complexity did occur About 2 7 billion years ago more complex eukaryotic cells cells with nuclei emerged after nearly 1 billion years of earth s history in which only prokaryotic cells existed on the earth |
| Match 48 (1):
Reference (002785 .. 002859, of 28480): |
Subject (002165 .. 002239, of 22118): |
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billion years or five sixths of the earth s history the biological realm included little more than unicellular bacteria and blue green algae During this time some significant increases in complexity did occur About 2 7 billion years ago more complex eukaryotic cells cells with nuclei emerged after nearly 1 billion years of earth s history in which only prokaryotic cells existed on the earth 21 About 1 billion years ago multicellular grade algae appeared |
billion years or five sixths of the earth s history the biological realm included little more than unicellular bacteria and bluegreen algae During this time some significant increases in complexity did occur About 2 7 billion years ago more complex eukaryotic cells cells with nuclei emerged after nearly 1 billion years of earth s history in which only prokaryotic cells existed on the earth 17 About one billion years ago multi cellular grade algae appeared |
| Match 49 (1):
Reference (002860 .. 002869, of 28480): |
Subject (002252 .. 002259, of 22118): |
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Then beginning about 565 570 million years ago in the |
Then beginning about 570 million years ago the |
| Match 50 (1):
Reference (002902 .. 002953, of 28480): |
Subject (002277 .. 002328, of 22118): |
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figures 1 and 2 Forty million years later the Cambrian explosion occurred Relative to the rather modest increases in complexity that occurred between the origin of the first life 3 5 to 3 85 billion years ago and the first appearance of multicellular algae 1 billion years ago the emergence of the |
Figures 1 and 2 Forty million years later the Cambrian explosion occurred Relative to the rather modest increases in complexity that occurred between the origin of the first life 3 5 3 85 billion years ago and the first appearance of multi cellular algae 1 billion years ago the emergence of the |
| Match 51 (1):
Reference (002957 .. 003006, of 28480): |
Subject (002331 .. 002382, of 22118): |
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570 million years ago and then to a much greater extent the Cambrian explosion 530 million years ago represent steep climbs up the biological complexity gradient Indeed analyzed from an informationtheoretic standpoint the Cambrian explosion in particular represents a remarkable jump in the specified information content of the biological world |
570 million years ago and then to a much greater extent the Cambrian explosion 530 million years ago represent steep climbs up the biological complexity gradient Indeed analyzed from an information theoretic standpoint the Cambrian explosion in particular represents a remarkable jump in the specified 18 information content of the biological world |
| Match 52 (1):
Reference (003344 .. 003362, of 28480): |
Subject (002370 .. 002389, of 22118): |
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increase in the specified complexity or specified information of the biological world One way to measure the increase in |
a remarkable jump in the specified 18 information content of the biological world One way to measure the increase in |
| Match 53 (1):
Reference (003367 .. 003401, of 28480): |
Subject (002391 .. 002425, of 22118): |
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complexity of the animals that appeared in the Cambrian is to assess the number of cell types that are required to build such animals and to compare that number with those creatures that went before |
complexity of the animals that appeared in the Cambrian is to assess the number of cell types that are required to build such animals and to compare that number with those creatures that went before |
| Match 54 (1):
Reference (003403 .. 003417, of 28480): |
Subject (002427 .. 002440, of 22118): |
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Functionally more complex animal forms require more cell types to perform their more diverse functions |
Functionally more complex animals require more cell types to perform their more diverse functions |
| Match 55 (1):
Reference (003431 .. 003471, of 28480): |
Subject (012642 .. 012682, of 22118): |
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Although specialized internally with a nucleus and various organelles the single celled eukaryote represents obviously a single type of cell Not so with the trilobite or mollusk where dozens of specific tissues and organs require functionally dedicated or specialized cell types |
Although specialized internally with a nucleus and various organelles the single celled eukaryote represents obviously a single type of cell Not so with the trilobite or mollusk where dozens of specific tissues and organs require functionally dedicated or specialized cell types |
| Match 56 (1):
Reference (003468 .. 003481, of 28480): |
Subject (012687 .. 012702, of 22118): |
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or specialized cell types But new cell types require many new and specialized proteins |
therefore requires at a minimum building novel cell types But cell types themselves require specialized proteins |
| Match 57 (1):
Reference (003485 .. 003519, of 28480): |
Subject (012704 .. 012740, of 22118): |
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epithelial cell lining a gut or intestine which secretes a digestive enzyme requires minimally structural proteins to modify its shape regulatory enzymes to control the secretion of the digestive enzyme and the digestive enzyme itself |
epithelial cell lining a gut or intestine which secretes a digestive enzyme for instance requires minimally structural proteins to modify its shape regulatory enzymes to control the secretion of the digestive enzyme and the digestive enzyme itself |
| Match 58 (1):
Reference (003521 .. 003562, of 28480): |
Subject (002450 .. 002495, of 22118): |
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proteins in turn require new genetic information encoded in DNA Thus an increase in the number of cell types implies at a minimum a considerable increase in the amount of specified genetic information Molecular biologists have recently estimated that a minimally complex |
proteins New proteins in turn require new genetic information encoded in DNA Thus an increase in the number of cell types implies at a minimum a considerable increase in the amount of specified genetic information For example molecular biologists have recently estimated that a minimally complex |
| Match 59 (1):
Reference (003587 .. 003599, of 28480): |
Subject (002502 .. 002514, of 22118): |
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562 kilobase pairs of DNA to produce the proteins necessary to maintain life |
562 kilobase pairs of DNA to produce the proteins necessary to maintain life |
| Match 60 (1):
Reference (003613 .. 003625, of 28480): |
Subject (002516 .. 002532, of 22118): |
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Yet to build the proteins necessary to sustain a complex animal would require |
Yet to build the proteins necessary to sustain a complex arthropod such as a trilobite would require |
| Match 61 (1):
Reference (003626 .. 003638, of 28480): |
Subject (002540 .. 002549, of 22118): |
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orders of magnitude more coding instructions For example the genome size of the |
orders of magnitude e g the genome size of the |
| Match 62 (1):
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of the fly Drosophila melanogaster an arthropod is approximately 120 million base pairs |
of the fly Drosophila melanogaster an arthropod is approximately 120 million base pairs |
| Match 63 (1):
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transitions from a single cell to colonies of cells to complex animals represent significant and in principle measurable increases in specified complexity or information content |
transitions from a single cell to colonies of cells to complex animals represent significant and in principle measurable increases in complexity and information content |
| Match 64 (1):
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Relative to the modest increases in specified complexity that occurred |
Relative to the rather modest increases in complexity that occurred |
| Match 65 (1):
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Indeed analyzed from an informational standpoint the Cambrian explosion represents a remarkable jump in the specified information |
Indeed analyzed from an information theoretic standpoint the Cambrian explosion in particular represents a remarkable jump in the specified 18 information |
| Match 66 (1):
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in the specified information or specified complexity of the biological world |
in the information content or specified complexity of the biological world |
| Match 67 (1):
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neo Darwinism and punctuated equilibrium against the Cambrian fossil record |
neo Darwinism and punctuated equilibrium the fossil record |
| Match 68 (1):
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Subject (002825 .. 002838, of 22118): |
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particular purport to offer truly creative mechanisms of biological change |
a neo Darwinism especially purports to offer a truly creative mechanism of biological change |
| Match 69 (1):
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the Cambrian fossils attest not only to small scale variations but also to large scale innovations in basic body plans the Cambrian data provide a key test to the efficacy of these |
the Cambrian fossils attest not only to small scale variations but also to large scale innovations in basic body plans the Cambrian data provide a key test of the |
| Match 70 (1):
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Subject (002919 .. 002935, of 22118): |
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According to neo Darwinism biological change occurs as natural selection acts on small random genetic changes and mutations |
According to neo Darwinism biological change occurs as natural selection acts on random genetic changes and mutations |
| Match 71 (1):
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Subject (002949 .. 002998, of 22118): |
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Over time small scale advantageous genetic changes accumulate eventually resulting in large scale changes in the morphology of organisms Thus according to neo Darwinism biological complexity should accumulate in a gradual bit by bit fashion over vast periods of geologic time A neo Darwinian understanding of the mechanism |
Over time small scale advantageous genetic changes accumulate eventually resulting in large scale changes in the morphology of organisms Thus according to a neo Darwinian account biological complexity should accumulate in a gradual bit by bit fashion over vast periods of geologic time A neo Darwinian understanding of the mechanism |
| Match 72 (1):
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generates new biological structure generates three specific predictions or empirical expectations concerning the fossil record Given the operation of the neo Darwinian mechanism the fossil record should show 1 the gradual emergence of biological complexity and the existence of numerous transitional forms leading to new phylum level body plans 2 small scale morphological diversity preceding the emergence of large scale morphological disparity and 3 a steady increase in the morphological distance between organic forms over time and consequently an overall steady increase in the number of phyla over time |
generating new biological structure generates three specific predictions or empirical expectations concerning the fossil record Given the operation of the neo Darwinian mechanism the fossil record should show 1 the gradual emergence of biological complexity and the existence of numerous transitional forms leading to new phyla level body plans 2 small scale morphological diversity preceding the emergence of large scale morphological disparity and 3 a steady increase in the morphological distance between organic forms over time and consequently a steady increase in the number of phyla over time |
| Match 73 (1):
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of testing both neo Darwinism and where applicable punctuated equilibrium A Prediction 1 The |
of neo Darwinism and punctuated equilibrium IV OBJECTIONS IV A The |
| Match 74 (1):
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A Prediction 1 The Gradual Emergence of Biological Complexity and the Existence of Numerous Transitional Forms Leading to Phyla Level Body Plans Charles Darwin regarded the sudden appearance of complex animals such as brachiopods and trilobites in the Cambrian strata |
A Prediction 1 The Gradual Emergence of Biological Complexity and the Existence of Numerous Transitional Forms Leading to Phyla Level Body Plans Charles Darwin regarded the sudden appearance of complex animals such as brachiopods and trilobites in the Cambrian fossil record as a |
| Match 75 (1):
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as a major challenge to his theory Based on his theory he expected to find intervening strata showing fossils of increasing complexity until finally trilobites appeared |
as a major challenge to his theory Based on his theory he expected to find intervening strata showing fossils of increasing complexity until finally trilobites appeared |
| Match 76 (1):
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Darwin realized that building highly complex animals such as trilobites from single celled organisms by natural selection operating on minute step by step variations would require a multitude of transitional forms and failed biological experiments over vast amounts of geologic time Accordingly he made the following prediction if the theory be true it is indisputable that before the lowest Cambrian stratum was deposited long periods elapsed as long as or probably far longer than the whole interval from the Cambrian age to the present day and that during these vast yet quite unknown periods of time the world swarmed with living creatures |
Darwin realized that building highly complex animals such as trilobites from single celled organisms by natural selection operating on minute step by step variations would require a multitude of transitional forms and failed biological experiments over vast amounts of geologic time Accordingly he made the following prediction if the theory be true it is indisputable that before the lowest Cambrian stratum was deposited long periods elapsed as long as or probably far longer than the whole interval from the Cambrian age to the present day and that during these vast yet quite unknown periods of time the world swarmed with living creatures |
| Match 77 (1):
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the amount of time that his theory required Geologists in Darwin s day employed relative dating methods They did not yet have modern radiometric methods for determining the absolute date of rocks Nevertheless Darwin had a clear picture of what his postulated selection variation mechanism implied about the history of life On his theory complex structures could only be built gradually minute improvement by minute improvement Thus natural selection would require vast periods of time to create new biological forms and structures Even in the |
the amount of time that his theory required Geologists in Darwin s day employed relative dating methods They did not yet have modern radiometric methods for determining the absolute date of rocks Nevertheless Darwin had a clear picture of what his postulated selection variation mechanism implied about the history of life On his theory complex structures could only be built gradually minute improvement by minute improvement Thus natural selection would require vast periods of time to create new biological forms and structures Even in the |
| Match 78 (1):
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the amount of time that his theory required Geologists in Darwin s day employed relative dating methods They did not yet have modern radiometric methods for determining the absolute date of rocks Nevertheless Darwin had a clear picture of what his postulated selection variation mechanism implied about the history of life On his theory complex structures could only be built gradually minute improvement by minute improvement Thus natural selection would require vast periods of time to create new biological forms and structures Even in the nineteenth century Darwin understood that this process would take many tens or hundreds of millions of years Modern neo Darwinists concur in this view As noted above neo Darwinism envisions minute changes in gene sequences accumulating very slowly as the result of random mutations |
the amount of time that his theory required Geologists in Darwin s day employed relative dating methods They did not yet have modern radiometric methods for determining the absolute date of rocks Nevertheless Darwin had a clear picture of what his postulated selection variation mechanism implied about the history of life On his theory complex structures could only be built gradually minute improvement by minute improvement Thus natural selection would require vast periods of time to create new biological forms and structures Even in the 19th century Darwin understood that this process would take many tens or hundreds of millions of years Modern neo Darwinists concur in this view As noted above neo Darwinism envisions minute changes in gene sequences accumulating very slowly as the result of random mutations |
| Match 79 (1):
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the amount of time that his theory required Geologists in Darwin s day employed relative dating methods They did not yet have modern radiometric methods for determining the absolute date of rocks Nevertheless Darwin had a clear picture of what his postulated selection variation mechanism implied about the history of life On his theory complex structures could only be built gradually minute improvement by minute improvement Thus natural selection would require vast periods of time to create new biological forms and structures Even in the nineteenth century Darwin understood that this process would take many tens or hundreds of millions of years Modern neo Darwinists concur in this view As noted above neo Darwinism envisions minute changes in gene sequences accumulating very slowly as the result of random mutations Yet empirically derived estimates of mutation rates in extant organisms suggest that the kind of large scale morphological changes that occurred in the Cambrian would have required far more time than the duration of the explosion |
the amount of time that his theory required Geologists in Darwin s day employed relative dating methods They did not yet have modern radiometric methods for determining the absolute date of rocks Nevertheless Darwin had a clear picture of what his postulated selection variation mechanism implied about the history of life On his theory complex structures could only be built gradually minute improvement by minute improvement Thus natural selection would require vast periods of time to create new biological forms and structures Even in the 19th century Darwin understood that this process would take many tens or hundreds of millions of years Modern neo Darwinists concur in this view As noted above neo Darwinism envisions minute changes in gene sequences accumulating very slowly as the result of random mutations Empirically derived estimates of mutation rates in extant organisms suggest that the kind of large scale morphological changes that occurred in the Cambrian would have required far more time than the duration of the explosion |
| Match 80 (1):
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al In addition to a pattern of gradual change Darwinist theories anticipate a gradual increase in the complexity and morphological diversity of organisms over time Clearly the fossil record does generally show an overall increase in the complexity of organisms from Precambrian to Cambrian times Nevertheless the fossil record does not show that novel organisms arose gradually nor does it document the existence of the many intermediate forms that Darwinian gradualism entails Indeed since the |
individual gene functions 25 In addition to a pattern of gradual change Darwinist theories anticipate a gradual increase in the complexity and morphological diversity of organisms over time Clearly the fossil record does show an overall increase in the complexity of organisms from Precambrian to Cambrian times Nevertheless the fossil record does not show that novel organisms arose gradually nor does it document the existence of the many intermediates forms that Darwinian gradualism entails Indeed since the |
| Match 81 (1):
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selection mechanism involves a trial and error process both Darwinism and neo Darwinism imply that the fossil record should show many transitional organisms and failed experiments |
selection mechanism involves a trial and error process both Darwinism and neo Darwinism imply that the fossil record should show many transitional organisms and failed experiments |
| Match 82 (1):
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Instead organisms such as trilobites phylum Arthropoda with their articulated body plans intricate nervous systems and compound eyes first appear fully formed at the beginning of the Cambrian explosion along with many other phyla of equal complexity |
Instead organisms such as Trilobites Phylum Arthropoda with their articulated body plans intricate nervous systems and compound eyes first appear fully formed at the beginning of the Cambrian explosion along with many other phyla of equal complexity |
| Match 83 (1):
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of equal complexity As Oxford zoologist Richard Dawkins acknowledges It is as though they the invertebrate phyla were just planted there without any evolutionary history |
of Oxford Zoologist Richard Dawkins It is as though they the invertebrate phyla were just planted there without any evolutionary history |
| Match 84 (1):
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Darwin was of course well aware even in the nineteenth century of the problem that the Cambrian explosion presented for his theory He stated The case at present must remain inexplicable and may be truly urged as a valid argument against the views here entertained |
Darwin was of course well aware even in the 19th century of the problem that the Cambrian explosion presented for his theory He stated The case at present must remain inexplicable and may be truly urged as a valid argument against the views here entertained |
| Match 85 (1):
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years since the publication of the Origin discoveries in paleontology have only made the puzzle of the Cambrian explosion more acute Not only have expected transitional forms not turned up but the pattern of the sudden appearance of novel structure has become more pronounced Massive new fossil discoveries in the rocks of the Burgess Shale in Canada and in the Yuanshan Formation |
years since the publication of the Origin of Species discoveries in paleontology have only made the puzzle of the Cambrian explosion more acute Not only have expected transitional forms not turned up but the pattern of the sudden appearance of novel structure has become more pronounced Massive new fossil discoveries in the rocks of the Burgess Shale in Canada and in the Yuanshan Formation |
| Match 86 (1):
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Chengjiang China have documented many previously unknown Cambrian phyla thus only increasing the number of expected and missing transitional intermediates required on a Darwinian account of the emergence of new living forms |
Chengjiang China have documented many previously unknown Cambrian phyla thus only increasing the number of expected and missing transitional intermediates required on a Darwinian account of the emergence of new living forms |
| Match 87 (1):
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The difficulty posed by the absence of transitional intermediates for both neo Darwinism and to a lesser but still significant extent punctuationalist evolutionary theories is illustrated |
The difficulty posed by the absence of transitional intermediates for both neo Darwinism and to a lesser but significant extent punctuationalist evolutionary theories is illustrated |
| Match 88 (1):
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morphological change versus time The first diagram shows the Darwinian and neo Darwinian expectation that changes in morphology should arise gradually as minute microevolutionary changes accumulate This Darwinian commitment to gradual change via microevolution produces the classic representation of the history of life as a branching tree figure |
morphological change versus time The first diagram shows the Darwinian and neo Darwinian expectation that changes in morphology should arise gradually as minute micro evolutionary changes accumulate This Darwinian commitment to gradual phyletic change via microevolution produces the classic representation of the history of life as a branching tree Figure |
| Match 89 (1):
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represents another model of strictly naturalistic evolutionary change as advanced by Niles Eldredge and Stephen J Gould This model known as punctuated equilibrium was developed during the late 1960s in an attempt to explain or describe more accurately the pattern of sudden appearance and stasis that paleontologists had long observed in the fossil record According to the punctuationalists evolutionary change occurs rapidly often after long periods of what they called stasis periods in which organisms manifest no directional change in |
represents another model of strictly naturalistic evolutionary change as advanced by Niles Eldredge and Stephen J Gould This model known as punctuated equilibrium was developed during the late 1960s in an attempt to explain or describe more accurately the pattern of sudden appearance and stasis that paleontologists had long observed in the fossil record According to the punctuationalists evolutionary change occurs rapidly often after long periods of what they called stasis periods in which organisms manifest no directional change in |
| Match 90 (1):
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their morphology By repudiating Darwinian gradualism this model specifically sought to account for the absence of transitional forms in the fossil record Even so insofar as this model maintained a commitment to the core Darwinian notion of common descent it too implied that the fossil record should preserve many intermediate forms |
their morphology By repudiating Darwinian gradualism this model specifically sought to account for the absence of transitional forms in the fossil record Even so in so far as this model maintained a commitment to the core Darwinian notion of common descent it too implied that the fossil record should preserve many intermediate forms |
| Match 91 (1):
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details how punctuationalists conceive of evolutionary change and thus also their expectations for what the fossil record ought to show According to many punctuationalists natural selection functions more as a mechanism for selecting the most fit species rather than the most fit individual among a species Thus morphological change should occur in larger more discrete intervals than traditional Darwinism asserts Nevertheless as figure |
details how punctuationalists conceive of evolutionary change and thus also their expectations for what the fossil record ought to show According to many punctuationalists natural selection functions more as a mechanism for selecting the most fit species rather than the most fit individual among a species Thus morphological change should occur in larger more discrete intervals than traditional Darwinism asserts Nevertheless as Figure |
| Match 92 (1):
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shows punctuationalists still envision many transitional forms as a result of a series of rapid evolutionary changes albeit representing larger jumps in morphology Figure |
shows punctuationalists still envision many transitional forms as a result of a series of rapid evolutionary changes albeit representing larger jumps in morphology The Figure |
| Match 93 (1):
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shows the relationship between time and morphology in the actual fossil record Note that contrary to the predicted patterns above the Cambrian radiation and subsequent variation occur after but not before the basic body plans appear in the fossil record The fossil record also shows a dearth of transitional intermediates between Cambrian and Precambrian fauna Since the late 1960s paleontologists have recognized that the general absence of transitional forms contradicts the picture of the history of life that neo Darwinism implies given its commitment to a gradualistic mechanism of evolutionary change |
shows the relationship between time and morphology in the actual fossil record Note that contrary to the predicted patterns above the Cambrian radiation and subsequent variation occurs after but not before the basic body plans appear in the fossil record The fossil record also shows a dearth of transitional intermediates between Cambrian and Precambrian fauna Since the late 1960s paleontologists have recognized that the general absence of transitional forms contradicts the picture of the history of life that neo Darwinism implies given its commitment to a gradualistic mechanism of evolutionary change |
| Match 94 (1):
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Fewer have recognized however that the absence of transitional forms also represents a severe |
Fewer have recognized however that the absence of transitional forms also represents a severe |
| Match 95 (1):
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relatively lesser difficulty for punctuated equilibrium Note that both standard neo Darwinian and more recent punctuationalist versions of evolutionary theory predict or expect many more transitional intermediates than the fossil record actually preserves This constitutes a particular difficulty because of the great number of new phyla represented in the Cambrian At present paleontologists lack clear ancestral precursors for the representatives of not just one new phylum but virtually all the phyla represented in Cambrian explosion |
relatively lesser difficulty for punctuated equilibrium Note that both standard neo Darwinian and more recent punctuationalist versions of evolutionary theory predict or expect many more transitional intermediates than the fossil record actually preserves This constitutes a particular difficulty because of the great number of new phyla represented in the Cambrian At present paleontologists lack clear ancestral precursors for the representatives of not just one new phyla but virtually all the phyla represented in Cambrian explosion |
| Match 96 (1):
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section IV B In a seminal paper titled Interpreting Great Developmental Experiments The Fossil Record |
section IV B below In a seminal paper titled Interpreting Great Developmental Experiments The Fossil Record |
| Match 97 (1):
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paleontologists J W Valentine and D H Erwin question the sufficiency of both evolutionary models discussed above as explanations for the origin of body plans and higher level taxa They note that transitional alliances are unknown or unconfirmed for any of the Cambrian phyla and yet the |
paleontologists J W Valentine and D H Erwin question the sufficiency of both evolutionary models discussed above as explanations for the origin of body plans and higher level taxa They note that transitional alliances are unknown or unconfirmed for any of the Cambrian phyla and yet the |
| Match 98 (1):
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evolutionary explosion near the beginning of Cambrian time was real and produced numerous new body plans Clearly neo Darwinism does not explain this pattern But as Valentine and Erwin point out neither does punctuated equilibrium |
evolutionary explosion near the beginning of Cambrian time was real and produced numerous new body plans 29 Clearly neo Darwinism does not explain this pattern But as Valentine and Erwin point out neither does punctuated equilibrium |
| Match 99 (1):
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note that the proposed mechanism of punctuated evolutionary change simply would have lacked the raw material upon which to work As Valentine and Erwin note the fossil record fails to document a large pool of species prior to the Cambrian Yet the proposed mechanism of species selection requires just such a pool of species upon which to act Thus they conclude that the probability that species selection is a general solution to the origin of higher taxa is not great |
note that the proposed mechanism of punctuated evolutionary change simply would have lacked the raw material upon which to work As Valentine and Erwin note the fossil record fails to document a large pool of species prior to the Cambrian Yet the proposed mechanism of species selection requires just such a pool of species upon which to act Thus they conclude that the probability that species selection is a general solution to the origin of higher taxa is not great |
| Match 100 (1):
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Recent work on statistical paleontology by Michael Foote of the University of Chicago |
Recent work on statistical paleontology by Michael Foote of the University of Chicago |
| Match 101 (1):
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develops a method by which evolutionary models can be tested against several variables Foote shows that given estimates of a completeness of the fossil record b median species duration c the time required for evolutionary transitions and d the number of ordinal or higher level transitions we could obtain an estimate of the number of major transitions we should expect to see in the fossil record His method provides a way to evaluate as he puts it whether the small number of documented major transitions provides strong evidence against evolution |
develops a method by which evolutionary models can be tested against several variables Foote shows that given estimates of a completeness of the fossil record b median species duration c the time required for evolutionary transitions and d the number of ordinal or higher level transitions we could obtain an estimate of the number of major transitions we should expect to see in the fossil record 31 His method provides a way to evaluate as he puts it whether the small number of documented major transitions provides strong evidence against evolution |
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of the completeness of the fossil record median species duration and the |
of the completeness of the Cambrian fossil record and the |
| Match 103 (1):
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transitions are reasonably well established the time required for plausible mechanisms to produce macroevolutionary transitions stands as the crucial variable in any such analysis If the time required to produce major evolutionary change is high as it is for neo Darwinian mechanisms of change then given current estimates of |
a b and d are reasonably well established c the time required for plausible mechanisms to produce macro evolutionary transitions stands as the crucial variable in any such analysis If the time required to produce major evolutionary change is high as it is for neo Darwinian mechanisms of change then given current estimates of |
| Match 104 (1):
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of the completeness of the fossil record median species duration and the |
of the completeness of the Cambrian fossil record and the |
| Match 105 (1):
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of ordinal or higherlevel transitions neo Darwinism fails to account for the data of the fossil record Conversely for punctuated equilibrium to succeed as an explanation for the data of the fossil record |
of a b and d neo Darwinism fails to account for the data of the fossil record Conversely for punctuated equilibrium to succeed as an explanation for the data of the fossil record |
| Match 106 (1):
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record the time required for plausible mechanisms to produce macroevolutionary transitions |
c the time required for plausible mechanisms to produce macro evolutionary transitions |
| Match 107 (1):
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must be very low In other words the explanatory success of punctuated equilibrium depends upon the existence of a mechanism that can produce rapid macroevolutionary change As Foote and Gould note elsewhere the punctuationalist model of Cambrian evolution requires a mechanism of unusual flexibility and speed |
must be very low In other words the explanatory success of punctuated equilibrium depends upon the existence of a mechanism that can produce rapid macro evolutionary change As Foote and Gould note elsewhere the punctuationalist model of Cambrian evolution requires a mechanism of unusual flexibility and speed |
| Match 108 (1):
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As yet however neither Foote nor Gould nor anyone else has identified such a mechanism with any genetic or developmental plausibility Thus given the current empirical climate the logic of Foote s statistical methodology tends to reinforce the earlier work of Valentine and |
As yet however neither Foote Gould nor anyone else has identified such a mechanism with any genetic or developmental plausibility Thus given the current empirical climate the logic of Foote s statistical methodology tends to reinforce the earlier work of Valentine and |
| Match 109 (1):
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Erwin who concluded that neither of the contending theories of evolutionary change at the species level phyletic gradualism or punctuated equilibrium seem applicable to the origin of new body plans and thus we now require a new theory for the evolution of novelty not diversity |
Erwin who concluded that neither of the contending theories of evolutionary change at the species level phyletic gradualism or punctuated equilibrium seem applicable to the origin of new body plans 34 and thus we now require a new theory for the evolution of novelty not diversity |
| Match 110 (1):
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B Prediction 2 Diversity Precedes Morphological Disparity contra Completeness and Morphological Breadth The distinction between small scale morphological diversity and large scale morphological novelty or what taxonomists call disparity raises another key issue Most biologists today believe that Darwinian mechanisms account for the great diversity of life by which they often mean the vast numbers of different species in existence Many fail to ask the question |
B Prediction 2 Diversity Precedes Morphological Disparity contra completeness and morphological breadth The distinction between small scale morphological diversity and large scale morphological novelty or what taxonomists call disparity raises another key issue Most biologists today believe that Darwinian mechanisms account for the great diversity of life by which they often mean the vast numbers of different species in existence Many fail to ask the question |
| Match 111 (1):
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disparity we mean the major differences in morphology in contrast to minor variations Specifically paleontologists use the term disparity to measure the major morphological differences between the body plans that correspond to the higher level taxonomic classifications whereas they use diversity to describe the small scale variations that correspond to lower level taxonomic classifications such as species or genera In other words disparity refers to life s basic morphological themes whereas diversity refers to the variations on those themes |
disparity By disparity we mean the major differences in morphology in contrast to minor variations Specifically paleontologists use the term disparity to measure the major morphological differences between the body plans that correspond to the higher level taxonomic classifications whereas they use diversity to describe the small scale variations that correspond to lower level taxonomic classifications such as species or genera In other words disparity refers to life s basic themes whereas diversity refers to the variations on those themes |
| Match 112 (1):
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According to neo Darwinism morphological distance between evolving organisms will increase gradually over time as small scale variations accumulate by natural selection to produce increasingly complex forms and structures including eventually new body plans Thus given the neo Darwinian mechanism one would expect that small scale differences or diversity between species should precede the emergence of morphological disparity between body plans and phyla see figures |
According to neo Darwinism morphological distance between evolving organisms will increase gradually over time as small scale variations accumulate by natural selection to produce increasingly complex forms and structures including eventually new body plans Thus given the neo Darwinian mechanism one would expect that small scale differences or diversity between species should precede the emergence of morphological disparity between body plans and phyla see Figures |
| Match 113 (1):
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As Richard Dawkins expresses the point What had been distinct species within one genus become in the fullness of time distinct genera within one family Later families will be found to have diverged to the point where taxonomists specialists in classification prefer to call them orders then classes then phyla Ancestors of two different phyla say vertebrates and mollusks which we see as built upon utterly different fundamental body plans were once just two species within a genus |
As Richard Dawkins expresses the point What had been distinct species within one genus become in the fullness of time distinct genera within one family Later families will be found to have diverged to the point where taxonomists specialists in classification prefer to call them orders then classes then phyla Ancestors of two different phyla say vertebrates and molluscs which we see as built upon utterly different fundamental body plans were once just two species within a genus |
| Match 114 (1):
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Indeed because the mutation selection mechanism operates cumulatively and gradually the novel body plans that define the different phyla must arise from numerous lower level speciation events For this reason neo |
Indeed because the selection variation mechanism operates cumulatively and gradually the novel body plans that define the different phyla must arise from numerous lower level speciation events For this reason neo |
| Match 115 (1):
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Subject (005259 .. 005297, of 22118): |
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Darwinism expects a cone of increasing diversity in which large scale morphological and taxonomic disparity results from the cumulative effects of many small scale speciation events Darwin himself made this point in the Origin Explaining his famous diagram figure |
Darwinism expects a cone of increasing diversity in which large scale morphological and taxonomic disparity results from the cumulative effects of many small scale speciation events Darwin himself made this point in the Origin Explaining his famous diagram Figure |
| Match 116 (1):
Reference (006580 .. 006605, of 28480): |
Subject (005299 .. 005324, of 22118): |
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illustrating the theory of common descent Darwin described how higher taxa should emerge from lower taxa by the accumulation of numerous slight variations As he said |
illustrating the theory of common descent Darwin described how higher taxa should emerge from lower taxa by the accumulation of numerous slight variations As he said |
| Match 117 (1):
Reference (006580 .. 006689, of 28480): |
Subject (005299 .. 005408, of 22118): |
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illustrating the theory of common descent Darwin described how higher taxa should emerge from lower taxa by the accumulation of numerous slight variations As he said T he diagram illustrates the steps by which small differences distinguishing varieties are increased into larger differences distinguishing species By continuing the process for a greater number of generations we get eight species He went on I see no reason to limit the process of modification as now explained to the formation of species and genera alone These two groups of genera will thus form two distinct families or orders according to the amount of divergent modification supposed to be represented in the diagram |
illustrating the theory of common descent Darwin described how higher taxa should emerge from lower taxa by the accumulation of numerous slight variations As he said the diagram illustrates the steps by which small differences distinguishing varieties are increased into larger differences distinguishing species By continuing the process for a greater number of generations we get eight species 38 He went on I see no reason to limit the process of modification as now explained to the formation of species and genera alone These two groups of genera will thus form two distinct families or orders according to the amount of divergent modification supposed to be represented in the diagram |
| Match 118 (1):
Reference (006691 .. 006711, of 28480): |
Subject (005410 .. 005430, of 22118): |
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Thus Darwin described small scale variations producing new species genera and orders This process would doubtless on a Darwinian view continue |
Thus Darwin described small scale variations producing new species genera and orders This process would doubtless on a Darwinian view continue |
| Match 119 (1):
Reference (006750 .. 006825, of 28480): |
Subject (005431 .. 005507, of 22118): |
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until it produced new phyla as well For both classical Darwinism and neo Darwinism diversity must precede disparity Phyla level differences in body plans must emerge therefore only after species genus and classlevel differences appear Though advocates of punctuationalist change envision morphological distance arising in larger more discrete intervals due to species selection than do classical neo Darwinists they too see phyla level differences arising cumulatively starting from lower level taxonomic differences between evolving forms In |
until it produced new phyla as well For both classical Darwinism and neo Darwinism diversity must precede disparity Phyla level differences in body plans must emerge therefore only after species genus and class level differences appear Though advocates of punctuationalist change envision morphological distance arising in larger more discrete intervals due to species selection than do classical neo Darwinists they too see phyla level differences arising cumulatively starting from lower level taxonomic differences between evolving forms In |
| Match 120 (1):
Reference (006827 .. 006837, of 28480): |
Subject (005509 .. 005519, of 22118): |
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words punctuated equilibrium also predicts morphological diversity preceding disparity as figure |
words punctuated equilibrium also predicts morphological diversity preceding disparity as Figure |
| Match 121 (1):
Reference (006839 .. 006872, of 28480): |
Subject (005521 .. 005559, of 22118): |
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also shows Thus for both current evolutionary models novel body plans are built bottomup as the result of many smaller scale genetic changes The actual pattern in the fossil record however contradicts this prediction |
also shows Thus for both current evolutionary models novel body plans disparity are built bottom up as the result of many smaller scale genetic changes i e diversity The actual pattern in the fossil record however contradicts this prediction |
| Match 122 (1):
Reference (006878 .. 006942, of 28480): |
Subject (005563 .. 005627, of 22118): |
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Instead of showing a gradual bottom up origin of the basic body plans where smaller scale diversification or speciation precedes the advent of large scale morphological disparity disparity precedes diversity Indeed the fossil record shows a top down pattern in which morphological disparity between many separate body plans emerges suddenly and prior to the occurrence of species level or higher diversification on those basic themes |
Instead of showing a gradual bottom up origin of the basic body plans where smaller scale diversification or speciation precedes the advent of large scale morphological disparity disparity precedes diversity Indeed the fossil record shows a top down pattern in which morphological disparity between many separate body plans emerges suddenly and prior to the occurrence of species level or higher diversification on those basic themes |
| Match 123 (1):
Reference (006943 .. 006997, of 28480): |
Subject (005633 .. 005687, of 22118): |
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As science writer Roger Lewin has noted Several possible patterns exist for the establishment of higher taxa the two most obvious of which are the bottom up and the top down approaches In the first evolutionary novelties emerge bit by bit The Cambrian explosion appears to conform to the second pattern the top down effect |
As science writer Roger Lewin has noted Several possible patterns exist for the establishment of higher taxa the two most obvious of which are the bottom up and the top down approaches In the first evolutionary novelties emerge bit by bit The Cambrian explosion appears to conform to the second pattern the top down effect |
| Match 124 (1):
Reference (007006 .. 007070, of 28480): |
Subject (005696 .. 005760, of 22118): |
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in their study of well skeletonized marine invertebrates Most higher taxa were built from the top down rather than from the bottom up The fossil record suggests that the major pulse of diversification of phyla occurs before that of classes classes before that of orders orders before that of families The higher taxa do not seem to have diverged through an accumulation of lower taxa |
in their study of well skeletonized marine invertebrates Most higher taxa were built from the top down rather than from the bottom up The fossil record suggests that the major pulse of diversification of phyla occurs before that of classes classes before that of orders orders before that of families The higher taxa do not seem to have diverged through an accumulation of lower taxa |
| Match 125 (1):
Reference (007072 .. 007087, of 28480): |
Subject (005762 .. 005775, of 22118): |
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In other words instead of a multiplication of species and other representatives of lower level taxa |
In other words instead of numerous species and other representatives of lower level taxa |
| Match 126 (1):
Reference (007089 .. 007102, of 28480): |
Subject (005777 .. 005788, of 22118): |
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first and the building to the disparity of higher taxa the highest taxonomic differences |
first building to the disparity of higher taxa the highest taxonomic differences |
| Match 127 (1):
Reference (007105 .. 007118, of 28480): |
Subject (005791 .. 005802, of 22118): |
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those between phyla and classes appear first instantiated by very few species level representatives |
those between phyla appear first instantiated by very few species level representatives |
| Match 128 (1):
Reference (007109 .. 007125, of 28480): |
Subject (005790 .. 005808, of 22118): |
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classes appear first instantiated by very few species level representatives Only later do lower level taxonomic differences |
e those between phyla appear first instantiated by very few species level representatives followed later by class level differences |
| Match 129 (1):
Reference (007140 .. 007149, of 28480): |
Subject (000286 .. 000294, of 22118): |
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the neo Darwinian mechanism of natural selection acting on random |
the Darwinian mechanism of natural selection acting on random |
| Match 130 (1):
Reference (007140 .. 007150, of 28480): |
Subject (002772 .. 002782, of 22118): |
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the neo Darwinian mechanism of natural selection acting on random genetic |
the neo Darwinian mechanism of natural selection acting on random genetic |
| Match 131 (1):
Reference (007140 .. 007151, of 28480): |
Subject (014308 .. 014316, of 22118): |
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the neo Darwinian mechanism of natural selection acting on random genetic mutations |
the mechanism of natural selection acting on random mutations |
| Match 132 (1):
Reference (007171 .. 007180, of 28480): |
Subject (021485 .. 021494, of 22118): |
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in the history of life following the Cambrian explosion C |
in the history of life following the Cambrian explosion Compare |
| Match 133 (1):
Reference (007180 .. 007194, of 28480): |
Subject (005939 .. 005954, of 22118): |
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C Prediction 3 The Morphological Distance between Organic Forms and thus the Number of Phyla |
C Prediction Number 3 The morphological distance between organic forms and thus the number of phyla |
| Match 134 (1):
Reference (007200 .. 007294, of 28480): |
Subject (005960 .. 006055, of 22118): |
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According to neo Darwinism and punctuated equilibrium the fossil record should exhibit another feature As we have seen the neo Darwinian mechanism and the punctuationalist mechanism of species selection imply that the morphological distance between organisms will increase gradually over time Thus both these mechanisms should produce a steadily increasing number of new body plans or phyla over time Borrowing from Darwin s predictions on the emergence of species see above we can express graphically the idealized expectation of the neo Darwinian and the punctuationalist model concerning the appearance of phyla over time see figure |
According to Darwinism neo Darwinism and punctuated equilibrium the fossil record should exhibit another feature As we have seen the neo Darwinian mechanism and the punctuationalist mechanism of species selection imply that the morphological distance between organisms will increase gradually over time Thus both these mechanisms should produce a steadily increasing number of new body plans or phyla over time Borrowing from Darwin s predictions on the emergence of species see above we can express graphically the idealized expectation of the neo Darwinian and the punctuationalist model concerning the appearance of phyla over time see Figure |
| Match 135 (1):
Reference (007297 .. 007325, of 28480): |
Subject (006062 .. 006090, of 22118): |
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both these evolutionary models the number of new phyla should increase in a steady logarithmic fashion as members of one phylum diversify and give rise to new phyla Figures |
both these evolutionary models the number of new phyla should increase in a steady logarithmic fashion as members of one phylum diversify and give rise to new phyla Figures |
| Match 136 (1):
Reference (007330 .. 007341, of 28480): |
Subject (006095 .. 006106, of 22118): |
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numerically the first appearance of all animal phyla over geological time Figure |
numerically the first appearance of all animal phyla over geological time Figure |
| Match 137 (1):
Reference (007344 .. 007359, of 28480): |
Subject (006109 .. 006124, of 22118): |
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the first appearance of animal phyla based solely on the present body of paleontological evidence Figure |
the first appearance of animal phyla based solely on the present body of paleontological evidence Figure |
| Match 138 (1):
Reference (007405 .. 007415, of 28480): |
Subject (006139 .. 006152, of 22118): |
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their first appearance in the Cambrian based on geological environmental considerations |
their first appearance in the Cambrian based on either evolutionary or geological environmental considerations |
| Match 139 (1):
Reference (007427 .. 007466, of 28480): |
Subject (006156 .. 006195, of 22118): |
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of the phyla that first appear in the fossil record after the Cambrian are less complex than the phyla that first appear in the Cambrian Since standard evolutionary reasoning assumes that complexity evolves from simplicity and not generally the reverse |
of the phyla that first appear in the fossil record after the Cambrian are less complex than the phyla that first appear in the Cambrian Since standard evolutionary reasoning assumes that complexity evolves from simplicity and not generally the reverse |
| Match 140 (1):
Reference (007473 .. 007521, of 28480): |
Subject (006202 .. 006252, of 22118): |
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assumed that these simpler phyla must have been present in the Cambrian Additionally factors such as organism size lifestyle habitat depositional environment and the presence or absence of mineralized hard parts affect the likelihood of preservation Many of the organisms representing phyla that first appear after the Cambrian or |
assumed that these simpler phyla must have been present in the Cambrian Additionally theoretically independent factors such as organism size lifestyle habitat depositional environment and the presence or absence of mineralized hard parts affect the likelihood of preservation Many of the organisms representing phyla that first appear after the Cambrian or |
| Match 141 (1):
Reference (007524 .. 007537, of 28480): |
Subject (006255 .. 006265, of 22118): |
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no fossil record at all have one or more of the above features that |
no fossil record at all have one or more features that |
| Match 142 (1):
Reference (007524 .. 007543, of 28480): |
Subject (006255 .. 006269, of 22118): |
|
no fossil record at all have one or more of the above features that would have rendered their preservation unlikely |
no fossil record at all have one or more features that render their preservation unlikely |
| Match 143 (1):
Reference (007580 .. 007591, of 28480): |
Subject (006342 .. 006349, of 22118): |
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of animals representing specific phyla that did first appear in the Cambrian |
of phyla that first appear during the Cambrian |
| Match 144 (1):
Reference (007666 .. 007677, of 28480): |
Subject (006272 .. 006283, of 22118): |
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factors suggest reasons independent of evolutionary assumptions for suspecting a Cambrian appearance |
factors suggest independent of evolutionary assumptions reasons for suspecting a Cambrian appearance |
| Match 145 (1):
Reference (007716 .. 007725, of 28480): |
Subject (006157 .. 006168, of 22118): |
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either first appear in the fossil record after the Cambrian |
the phyla that first appear in the fossil record after the Cambrian |
| Match 146 (1):
Reference (007740 .. 007750, of 28480): |
Subject (006312 .. 006323, of 22118): |
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can be excluded from a Cambrian first appearance given present knowledge |
can be definitively excluded from a Cambrian first appearance given present knowledge |
| Match 147 (1):
Reference (007854 .. 007873, of 28480): |
Subject (006324 .. 006343, of 22118): |
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Of course how one weighs and assesses these various factors will result in differing estimates for the number of phyla |
Of course how one weighs and assesses these various factors will result in differing estimates for the number of phyla |
| Match 148 (1):
Reference (007874 .. 007887, of 28480): |
Subject (006339 .. 006352, of 22118): |
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or phyla subphyla body plans that first appear during the Cambrian Values ranging from |
for the number of phyla that first appear during the Cambrian Values ranging from |
| Match 149 (1):
Reference (007894 .. 007907, of 28480): |
Subject (006359 .. 006372, of 22118): |
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are consistent with existing data Though we are skeptical of strictly presuppositionally driven arguments |
are consistent with existing data Though we are skeptical of strictly presuppositionally driven arguments |
| Match 150 (1):
Reference (007945 .. 007981, of 28480): |
Subject (006401 .. 006437, of 22118): |
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first appearances at both extremes of this range in order to show that however one assesses the various factors discussed above the empirical expectations of neo Darwinism and punctuated equilibrium do not conform to paleontological evidence concerning |
first appearance at both extremes of this range in order to show that however one assesses the various factors discussed above the empirical expectations of neo Darwinism and punctuated equilibrium do not conform to paleontological evidence concerning |
| Match 151 (1):
Reference (007984 .. 007998, of 28480): |
Subject (006439 .. 006453, of 22118): |
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first appearance Indeed rather than conforming to neo Darwinian and punctuationalist expectations of a steadily |
first appearance Indeed rather than conforming to neo Darwinian and punctuationalist expectations of a steadily |
| Match 152 (1):
Reference (008087 .. 008117, of 28480): |
Subject (006454 .. 006484, of 22118): |
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increasing number of phyla over geologic time the fossil record shows a very different pattern namely a sudden burst of phyla first appearing in the Cambrian followed either by as in |
increasing number of phyla over geologic time the fossil record shows a very different pattern namely a sudden burst of phyletic first appearance in the Cambrian followed either by as in |
| Match 153 (1):
Reference (008141 .. 008151, of 28480): |
Subject (006510 .. 006520, of 22118): |
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Indeed for 525 million years after the Cambrian explosion and for |
Indeed for 525 million years after the Cambrian explosion and for |
| Match 154 (1):
Reference (008153 .. 008172, of 28480): |
Subject (006522 .. 006541, of 22118): |
|
billion years before it the fossil record does not show anything like a steadily increasing number of new phyla Nor |
billion years before it the fossil record does not show anything like a steadily increasing number of new phyla Nor |
| Match 155 (1):
Reference (008291 .. 008305, of 28480): |
Subject (006564 .. 006578, of 22118): |
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fit the pattern of steady increase that one would expect given either of the two |
fit the pattern of steady increase that one would expect given either of the two |
| Match 156 (1):
Reference (008302 .. 008313, of 28480): |
Subject (004275 .. 004288, of 22118): |
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either of the two main evolutionary pictures of the history of life |
the general absence of transitional forms contradicts the picture of the history of life |
| Match 157 (1):
Reference (008314 .. 008326, of 28480): |
Subject (006582 .. 006594, of 22118): |
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We have provided two other graphs that reinforce these points Several animal phyla |
We have provided two other graphs that reinforce these points Several animal phyla |
| Match 158 (1):
Reference (008334 .. 008353, of 28480): |
Subject (006599 .. 006619, of 22118): |
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subphyla These subphyla represent major morphological divisions within their respective phyla distinctions even greater than those seen between classes Since |
subphyla These sub phyla represent major morphological divisions within their respective phyla distinctions even greater than those seen between classes Since |
| Match 159 (1):
Reference (008356 .. 008367, of 28480): |
Subject (006622 .. 006632, of 22118): |
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regard subphyla as equivalent or nearly equivalent to phyla we have also |
regard subphyla as nearly equivalent to phyla 47 we have also |
| Match 160 (1):
Reference (008374 .. 008394, of 28480): |
Subject (006638 .. 006658, of 22118): |
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to show the stratigraphic first appearance and presumed first appearance not only for all the animal phyla but also for the |
to show the stratigraphic first appearance and presumed first appearance not only for all the animal phyla but also for the |
| Match 161 (1):
Reference (008402 .. 008415, of 28480): |
Subject (006664 .. 006677, of 22118): |
|
graphs the first appearance of the phyla and subphyla on strictly empirical grounds Figure |
graphs the first appearance of the phyla and subphyla on strictly empirical grounds Figure |
| Match 162 (1):
Reference (008417 .. 008426, of 28480): |
Subject (006679 .. 006688, of 22118): |
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graphs the presumed first appearance of the phyla and subphyla |
graphs the presumed first appearance of the phyla and subphyla |
| Match 163 (1):
Reference (008512 .. 008521, of 28480): |
Subject (006137 .. 006146, of 22118): |
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have their first appearance in the Cambrian Estimates based on |
have had their first appearance in the Cambrian based on |
| Match 164 (1):
Reference (008674 .. 008693, of 28480): |
Subject (006712 .. 006731, of 22118): |
|
the pattern of first appearance of the phyla and subphyla contradicts that predicted by both the neo Darwinian and punctuationalist |
the pattern first appearance of the phyla and sub phyla contradicts that predicted by both the neo Darwinian and punctuationalist |
| Match 165 (1):
Reference (008698 .. 008848, of 28480): |
Subject (006731 .. 006883, of 22118): |
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al D Summary Assessment When we compare the pattern of fossilization in the actual fossil record to the expected pattern given the neo Darwinian mechanism we encounter significant dissonance Neither the pace nor the mode of evolutionary change match neo Darwinian expectations Indeed the neo Darwinism mechanism cannot explain the geologically sudden origin of the major body plans to which the term the Cambrian explosion principally refers Further the absence of plausible transitional organisms the pattern of disparity preceding diversity and the pattern of phyla first appearance all run counter to the neo Darwinian predictions or expectations Only the overall increase in complexity from the Precambrian to the Cambrian conforms to neo Darwinian expectations Although as we have seen the newer punctuationalist model of evolutionary change appears more consonant with some aspects of the Cambrian Precambrian fossil record it too fails to account for the extreme absence of transitional intermediates the |
punctuationalist mechanisms III D Summary Assessment When we compare the pattern of fossilization in the actual fossil record to the expected pattern given the neo Darwinian mechanism we encounter significant dissonance Neither the pace nor the mode of evolutionary change match neo Darwinian expectations Indeed the neo Darwinism mechanism cannot explain the geologically sudden origin of the major body plans to which the term the Cambrian explosion principally refers Further the absence of plausible transitional organisms the pattern of disparity preceding diversity and the pattern of phyletic first appearance all run counter to the neo Darwinian predictions or expectations Only the overall increase in complexity from the Precambrian to the Cambrian conforms to neo Darwinian expectations Though as we have seen the newer punctuationalist model of evolutionary change appears more consonant with some aspects of the Cambrian Precambrian fossil record it too fails to account for the extreme absence of transitional intermediates the |
| Match 166 (1):
Reference (008848 .. 008859, of 28480): |
Subject (006807 .. 006816, of 22118): |
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the top down pattern of disparity preceding diversity and the pattern of |
the pattern of disparity preceding diversity and the pattern of |
| Match 167 (1):
Reference (008861 .. 008956, of 28480): |
Subject (006893 .. 006988, of 22118): |
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first appearance Furthermore punctuated equilibrium lacks a sufficient mechanism to explain the origin of the major body plans that appear in the Cambrian strata These problems underscore a more significant theoretical difficulty for evolutionary theory generally namely the insufficiency of attempts to extrapolate microevolutionary mechanisms to explain macroevolutionary development As developmental biologists Gilbert Opitz and Raff have noted The Modern Synthesis is a remarkable achievement However starting in the 1970s many biologists began questioning its adequacy in explaining evolution Genetics might be adequate for explaining microevolution but microevolutionary changes in gene frequency were not seen as |
first appearance Furthermore punctuated equilibrium lacks a sufficient mechanism to explain the origin of the major body plans in the Cambrian strata These problems underscore a more significant theoretical difficulty for evolutionary theory generally namely the insufficiency of attempts to extrapolate microevolutionary mechanisms to explain macro evolutionary development As developmental biologists Gilbert Opitz and Raff have noted The Modern Synthesis is a remarkable achievement However starting in the 1970 s many biologists began questioning its adequacy in explaining evolution Genetics might be adequate for explaining microevolution but microevolutionary changes in gene frequency were not seen as |
| Match 168 (1):
Reference (009012 .. 009045, of 28480): |
Subject (006989 .. 007022, of 22118): |
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able to turn a reptile into a mammal or to convert a fish into an amphibian Microevolution looks at adaptations that concern only the survival of the fittest not the arrival of the fittest |
able to turn a reptile into a mammal or to convert a fish into an amphibian Microevolution looks at adaptations that concern only the survival of the fittest not the arrival of the fittest |
| Match 169 (1):
Reference (009047 .. 009108, of 28480): |
Subject (007024 .. 007085, of 22118): |
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Or as Roger Lewin stated in his summary of the historic Chicago Macroevolution conference in 1980 The central question of the Chicago conference was whether the mechanisms underlying microevolution can be extrapolated to explain the phenomena of macroevolution At the risk of doing violence to the position of some people at the meeting the answer can be given as a clear No |
Or as Roger Lewin stated in his summary of the historic Chicago Macroevolution Conference in 1980 The central question of the Chicago conference was whether the mechanisms underlying microevolution can be extrapolated to explain the phenomena of macroevolution At the risk of doing violence to the position of some people at the meeting the answer can be given as a clear No |
| Match 170 (1):
Reference (009118 .. 009143, of 28480): |
Subject (007095 .. 007119, of 22118): |
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increasingly recognized as an unsolved problem for all fully naturalistic versions of evolutionary theory and biologists especially developmental biologists are beginning an intensive search for solutions |
increasingly recognized as unsolved problems for all fully naturalistic versions of evolutionary theory and biologists especially developmental biologists are beginning an intensive search for solutions |
| Match 171 (1):
Reference (009145 .. 009181, of 28480): |
Subject (007121 .. 007152, of 22118): |
|
Before considering whether the theory of intelligent design should be considered in this search we will consider some objections to the paleontological arguments that we have marshaled against the adequacy of neo Darwinism and punctuated equilibrium IV |
Before considering whether intelligent design should be considered in this search we will consider some objections to arguments that we have marshaled against the adequacy of neo Darwinism and punctuated equilibrium IV |
| Match 172 (1):
Reference (009145 .. 009185, of 28480): |
Subject (007121 .. 007157, of 22118): |
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Before considering whether the theory of intelligent design should be considered in this search we will consider some objections to the paleontological arguments that we have marshaled against the adequacy of neo Darwinism and punctuated equilibrium IV Objections A The Artifact |
Before considering whether intelligent design should be considered in this search we will consider some objections to arguments that we have marshaled against the adequacy of neo Darwinism and punctuated equilibrium IV OBJECTIONS IV A The Artifact |
| Match 173 (1):
Reference (009189 .. 009217, of 28480): |
Subject (007161 .. 007188, of 22118): |
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Cambrian Explosion Real Many have argued that absence of Precambrian transitional intermediates does not disconfirm neo Darwinian predictions but instead testifies only to the incompleteness of the fossil record |
Cambrian Explosion Real Many have argued that absence of Precambrian transitional intermediates does not disconfirm neo Darwinian predictions but instead testifies to the incompleteness of the fossil record |
| Match 174 (1):
Reference (009215 .. 009245, of 28480): |
Subject (007190 .. 007220, of 22118): |
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the fossil record The difference between what the fossil record shows and what neo Darwinism implies that it should show has led many to question not the neo Darwinian mechanism or |
the difference between what the fossil record shows and what neo Darwinism implies that it should show has led many to question not the neo Darwinian mechanism but the fossil record |
| Match 175 (1):
Reference (009253 .. 009334, of 28480): |
Subject (007217 .. 007294, of 22118): |
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but the completeness of the fossil record Initially however Darwinists adopted a different approach For many decades after the publication of the Origin paleontologists sympathetic to Darwin s theory sought to find the missing ancestors of the Cambrian animals The search for the missing fossils in Precambrian formations all over the world resulted in universal disappointment Maintaining Darwin s theory therefore eventually required formulating ad hoc hypotheses to account for the absence of ancestral and transitional forms Various so called artifact hypotheses |
but the fossil record Initially however Darwinists adopted a different approach For many decades after the publication of the Origin of Species paleontologists sympathetic to Darwin s theory sought to find the missing ancestors of the Cambrian animals The search for the missing fossils in Precambrian formations all over the world resulted in universal disappointment Maintaining Darwin s theory therefore eventually required formulating ad hoc hypotheses to account for the absence of ancestral and transitional forms Various hypotheses |
| Match 176 (1):
Reference (009345 .. 009366, of 28480): |
Subject (007314 .. 007335, of 22118): |
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hold that the fossil ancestors existed but for various reasons were not preserved in an imperfect and biased fossil record On this |
holds that the fossil ancestors existed but for various reasons were not preserved in an imperfect and biased fossil record On this |
| Match 177 (1):
Reference (009368 .. 009377, of 28480): |
Subject (007337 .. 007346, of 22118): |
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the absence of the fossil ancestors represents an artifact of |
the absence of the fossil ancestors represents an artifact of |
| Match 178 (1):
Reference (009390 .. 009412, of 28480): |
Subject (007349 .. 007372, of 22118): |
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an accurate representation of the history of life Gaps in the fossil record are apparent not real A popular version of the artifact |
a not accurate representation of the history of life Gaps in the fossil record are apparent not real A popular version of the artifact |
| Match 179 (1):
Reference (009390 .. 009525, of 28480): |
Subject (007349 .. 007486, of 22118): |
|
an accurate representation of the history of life Gaps in the fossil record are apparent not real A popular version of the artifact hypothesis was proposed by the prominent American geologist Charles Walcott in the early 1900s Taking his lead from Darwin Walcott proposed a so called Lipalian interval According to Walcott the ancestors of the trilobites first lived and evolved at a time when the Precambrian seas had receded from the land masses Then at the beginning of the Cambrian the seas again rose covering the continents and depositing recently evolved trilobites According to Walcott ancestral trilobites did exist but were not fossilized in terrestrial sediments until the beginning of the Cambrian Before the Cambrian during a period of recession of seas trilobites and their ancestral forms were being deposited only in deep sea sediments |
a not accurate representation of the history of life Gaps in the fossil record are apparent not real A popular version of the artifact theory was proposed by the prominent American geologist Charles Walcott in the early 1900s Taking his lead from Darwin Walcott proposed a so called Lipalian interval According to Walcott the ancestors of trilobites first lived and evolved at a time when the Precambrian seas had receded from the land masses Then at the beginning of the Cambrian the seas again rose covering the continents and depositing the then recently evolved trilobites According to Walcott ancestral trilobites did exist but were not fossilized in terrestrial sediments until the beginning of the Cambrian Before the Cambrian during a period of recession of seas trilobites and their ancestral forms were being deposited only in deep sea sediments |
| Match 180 (1):
Reference (009529 .. 009609, of 28480): |
Subject (007490 .. 007570, of 22118): |
|
argued that paleontologists should not expect to find fossilized trilobites in terrestrial strata but only in the marine sediments that were in Walcott s time inaccessible to paleontology The Lipalian interval hypothesis had the advantage of accounting for the sudden appearance of the trilobites and the absence of ancestral and transitional forms Moreover it could be tested at least once offshore drilling technology advanced to allow for the sampling of the buried offshore Precambrian sedimentary rocks Walcotts s Lipalian interval hypothesis |
argued that paleontologists should not expect to find fossilized trilobites in terrestrial strata but only in the marine sediments that were in Walcott s time inaccessible to paleontology The Lipalian interval hypothesis had the advantage of accounting for the sudden appearance of the trilobites and the absence of ancestral and transitional forms Moreover it could be tested at least once off shore drilling technology advanced to allow for the sampling of the buried offshore sedimentary rocks Unfortunately for Walcott s hypothesis |
| Match 181 (1):
Reference (009618 .. 009634, of 28480): |
Subject (007572 .. 007588, of 22118): |
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technology has now been developed and offshore drilling cores have repeatedly failed to verify the existence of |
technology has now been developed and offshore drilling cores have repeatedly failed to verify the existence of |
| Match 182 (1):
Reference (009618 .. 009638, of 28480): |
Subject (007572 .. 007592, of 22118): |
|
technology has now been developed and offshore drilling cores have repeatedly failed to verify the existence of Walcott s predicted fossils |
technology has now been developed and offshore drilling cores have repeatedly failed to verify the existence of the predicted Precambrian fossils |
| Match 183 (1):
Reference (009898 .. 009948, of 28480): |
Subject (007625 .. 007676, of 22118): |
|
metamorphosed or melted beyond recognition Others claimed that major evolutionary innovation occurred during periods in which sedimentary deposition had ceased Advocates of these hypotheses abandoned them however once geologists began to uncover extensive Precambrian sedimentary deposits that again failed to document the existence of plausible ancestors for the complex Cambrian animals |
metamorphosed or melted beyond recognition Others have claimed that major evolutionary innovation occurred during periods in which sedimentary deposition had ceased Advocates of these hypotheses abandoned them however once geologists began to uncover extensive Precambrian sedimentary deposits that again failed to document the existence of plausible ancestors for the complex Cambrian animals |
| Match 184 (1):
Reference (009950 .. 009977, of 28480): |
Subject (007678 .. 007705, of 22118): |
|
Proponents of the artifact hypothesis have advanced other explanations One asserts that the Precambrian ancestors of the Cambrian animals lacked hard parts such as shells and exoskeletons Thus |
Proponents of the artifact theory have advanced other explanations One asserts that the Precambrian ancestors of the Cambrian animals lacked hard parts such as shells and exoskeletons Thus |
| Match 185 (1):
Reference (009986 .. 010000, of 28480): |
Subject (007706 .. 007720, of 22118): |
|
we should not expect to find remains of ancestral forms in the Precambrian fossil record |
we should not expect to find remains of these ancestral forms in the fossil record |
| Match 186 (1):
Reference (010018 .. 010041, of 28480): |
Subject (007721 .. 007744, of 22118): |
|
While clearly the fossil record does not preserve soft body parts of organisms as frequently as hard body parts it has preserved enough soft |
While clearly the fossil record does not preserve soft body parts of organisms as frequently as hard body parts it has preserved enough soft |
| Match 187 (1):
Reference (010043 .. 010052, of 28480): |
Subject (007746 .. 007755, of 22118): |
|
animals and organs to render this version of the artifact |
animals and organs to render this version of the artifact |
| Match 188 (1):
Reference (010043 .. 010055, of 28480): |
Subject (007746 .. 007758, of 22118): |
|
animals and organs to render this version of the artifact hypothesis suspect Indeed |
animals and organs to render this version of the artifact theory suspect Indeed |
| Match 189 (1):
Reference (010088 .. 010128, of 28480): |
Subject (007783 .. 007823, of 22118): |
|
represent plausible transitional intermediates to representatives of the Cambrian phyla In each case the jump in complexity as measured by the number of cell types for example and the morphological disparity between the Precambrian and Cambrian organisms appear far too great |
represent plausible transitional intermediates to representatives of the Cambrian phyla In each case the jump in complexity as measured by the number of cell types for example and the morphological disparity between the Precambrian and Cambrian organisms appears far too great |
| Match 190 (1):
Reference (010133 .. 010150, of 28480): |
Subject (007824 .. 007841, of 22118): |
|
Furthermore the postulation of exclusively soft bodied ancestors for hard bodied Cambrian organisms seems implausible on anatomical grounds |
Furthermore the postulation of exclusively soft bodied ancestors for hard bodied Cambrian organisms seems implausible on anatomical grounds |
| Match 191 (1):
Reference (010152 .. 010199, of 28480): |
Subject (007843 .. 007888, of 22118): |
|
Many phyla such as brachiopods and arthropods could have not evolved their soft parts first and then added shells later since their survival depends in large part upon their ability to protect their soft parts from hostile environmental forces Instead soft and hard parts had to arise together |
Many phyla such as brachiopods could have not evolved their soft parts first and then added shells later since their survival depends in large part upon their ability to protect their soft parts from hostile environmental forces Instead soft and hard parts had to arise together |
| Match 192 (1):
Reference (010224 .. 010252, of 28480): |
Subject (007906 .. 007934, of 22118): |
|
To admit that hard bodied Cambrian animals had not yet evolved their hard bodied parts in the Precambrian effectively concedes that credible precursor animals themselves had not yet evolved |
To admit that hard bodied Cambrian animals had not yet evolved their hard bodied parts in the Precambrian effectively concedes that credible precursor animals themselves had not yet evolved |
| Match 193 (1):
Reference (010254 .. 010329, of 28480): |
Subject (007936 .. 008010, of 22118): |
|
As Chen and Zhou explain A nimals such as brachiopods and most echinoderms and mollusks cannot exist without a mineralized skeleton Arthropods bear jointed appendages and likewise require a hard organic or mineralized outer covering Therefore the existence of these organisms in the distant past should be recorded either by fossil tracks and trails or remains of skeletons The observation that such fossils are absent in Precambrian strata proves that these phyla arose in the Cambrian |
As Chen and Zhou explain animals such as brachiopods and most echinoderms and mollusks cannot exist without a mineralized skeleton Arthropods bear jointed appendages and likewise require a hard organic or mineralized outer covering Therefore the existence of these organisms in the distant past should be recorded either by fossil tracks and trails or remains of skeletons The observation that such fossils are absent in Precambrian strata proves that these phyla arose in the Cambrian |
| Match 194 (1):
Reference (010331 .. 010358, of 28480): |
Subject (008012 .. 008039, of 22118): |
|
Others have explained the absence of transitional organisms as the result of their putatively tiny size Some have even suggested that transitionals only existed in the larval stage |
Others have explained the absence of transitional organisms as the result of their putatively tiny size Some have even suggested that transitionals only existed in the larval stage |
| Match 195 (1):
Reference (010360 .. 010408, of 28480): |
Subject (008041 .. 008089, of 22118): |
|
While possible perhaps it should be noted that cells of filamentous microorganisms interpreted as cyanobacteria have been discovered and documented in the Warrawoona Group strata of western Australia These microfossils found in bedded carbonaceous cherts are estimated to be between 3 3 billion to 3 5 billion years old |
While possible perhaps it should be noted that cells of filamentous microorganisms interpreted as cyanobacteria have been discovered and documented in the Warrawoona Group strata of Western Australia These microfossils found in bedded carbonaceous cherts are estimated to be between 3 3 billion to 3 5 billion years old |
| Match 196 (1):
Reference (010410 .. 010436, of 28480): |
Subject (008091 .. 008116, of 22118): |
|
Species of single celled algae and the appearance of cells with a nucleus about 2 7 billion years ago have been well documented in the fossil record |
Species of single celled algae and the appearance of cells with a nucleus about 2 7 billionyears ago have been well documented in the fossil record |
| Match 197 (1):
Reference (010448 .. 010522, of 28480): |
Subject (008128 .. 008201, of 22118): |
|
are far older and therefore far more rare due to the greater likelihood of tectonic destruction it would seem that the allegedly tiny fossil precursors of the Cambrian animals should have been found somewhere in the over 500 million years of sedimentary strata below the Cambrian Moreover as already noted the Precambrian rocks in China beneath the Chengjiang Cambrian biota reveal the presence of tiny sponge embryos at the very earliest stages of cell division |
are far older and therefore far rarer due to the greater likelihood of tectonic destruction it would seem that the allegedly tiny fossil precursors of the Cambrian animals should have been found somewhere in the over 500 million years of sedimentary strata below the Cambrian Moreover as already noted the Precambrian rocks in China beneath the Chengjiang biota clearly reveal the presence of tiny sponge embryos63 at the very earliest stages of cell division |
| Match 198 (1):
Reference (010541 .. 010551, of 28480): |
Subject (008219 .. 008228, of 22118): |
|
any of the allegedly miniature or soft bodied ancestral forms of |
any of the allegedly miniature transitional or ancestral forms of |
| Match 199 (1):
Reference (010608 .. 010655, of 28480): |
Subject (008285 .. 008333, of 22118): |
|
preservation unlikely do not help to account for the specific absence of Precambrian ancestral forms We know for example that nearshore sands do not favor preservation of detail let alone the fine detail of very small organisms a millimeter or less in length Similarly paleontologists rarely find the |
preservation unlikely in general do not help to account for the specific absence of Precambrian ancestral forms We know that near shore sands do not favor preservation of detail let alone the fine detail of very small organisms a millimeter or less in length Similarly paleontologists rarely find the |
| Match 200 (1):
Reference (010664 .. 010688, of 28480): |
Subject (008334 .. 008358, of 22118): |
|
remains of parasites that live in the soft tissues of other organisms indeed parasitic organisms represent several of the phyla that have no fossil record |
remains of parasites that live in the soft tissues of other organisms indeed parasitic organisms represent several of the phyla that have no fossil record |
| Match 201 (1):
Reference (010690 .. 010825, of 28480): |
Subject (008360 .. 008496, of 22118): |
|
Even so such considerations do little to bolster the artifact hypothesis The carbonates phosphorates and shales of the Precambrian strata beneath the Chengjiang fauna for example would have provided moderate to very favorable depositional environments in Precambrian times Yet these strata do not preserve plausible ancestral forms for any of the animals in the Cambrian beds of the Chengjiang Advocates of the artifact hypothesis need to show not just that certain factors discourage preservation in general which is not disputed but that these factors were ubiquitous in Precambrian depositional environments worldwide If nearshore sands characterized all Precambrian sedimentary deposits then paleontologists would not expect to find any ancestral or at least any tiny ancestral forms for the Cambrian animals Yet clearly this is not the case Precambrian strata include many types of sediments that can preserve |
Even so such considerations do little to bolster the artifact hypothesis The carbonates phosphorates and shales of the Precambrian strata beneath the Chengjiang fauna for example would have provided moderate to very favorable depositional environments in Precambrian times Yet these strata do not preserve plausible ancestral forms for any of the animals in the Cambrian beds of the Chengjiang Advocates of the artifact hypothesis need to show not just that certain factors discourage preservation in general which is not disputed but that these factors were ubiquitous in Precambrian depositional environments worldwide If near shore sands characterized all Precambrian sedimentary deposits then paleontologists would not expect to find any ancestral or at least any tiny ancestral forms for the Cambrian animals Yet clearly this is not the case Precambrian strata include many types of sediments that can preserve |
| Match 202 (1):
Reference (010834 .. 010843, of 28480): |
Subject (008496 .. 008505, of 22118): |
|
preserved animal remains in fine detail Yet no forms plausibly |
preserve animal remains in fine detail Yet no forms plausibly |
| Match 203 (1):
Reference (010845 .. 010873, of 28480): |
Subject (008507 .. 008535, of 22118): |
|
to the metazoan animals have been found in such beds The implausibility of the artifact hypotheses in its various manifestations has been reinforced by recent work in statistical paleontology |
to the metazoan animals have been found in such beds The implausibility of the artifact hypotheses in its various manifestations has been reinforced by recent work in statistical paleontology |
| Match 204 (1):
Reference (010873 .. 010941, of 28480): |
Subject (008539 .. 008607, of 22118): |
|
paleontology Michael Foote has shown that new fossil discoveries have repeatedly fallen into existing taxonomic groups This pattern of discovery suggests that the fossil record is at best curiously selective in its incompleteness Though the record amply documents the organisms corresponding to the branches on the Darwinian tree of life it inexplicably from a neo Darwinian point of view fails to preserve the organisms required to connect the branches |
paleontologist Michael Foote65 has shown that new fossil discoveries have repeatedly fallen into existing taxonomic groups This pattern of discovery suggests that the fossil record is at best curiously selective in its incompleteness Though the record amply documents the organisms corresponding to the branches on the Darwinian tree of life it inexplicably from a neo Darwinian point of view fails to preserve the organisms required to connect the branches |
| Match 205 (1):
Reference (010873 .. 010957, of 28480): |
Subject (008539 .. 008623, of 22118): |
|
paleontology Michael Foote has shown that new fossil discoveries have repeatedly fallen into existing taxonomic groups This pattern of discovery suggests that the fossil record is at best curiously selective in its incompleteness Though the record amply documents the organisms corresponding to the branches on the Darwinian tree of life it inexplicably from a neo Darwinian point of view fails to preserve the organisms required to connect the branches that is those corresponding to the nodes As more and more fossil finds fall within existing |
paleontologist Michael Foote65 has shown that new fossil discoveries have repeatedly fallen into existing taxonomic groups This pattern of discovery suggests that the fossil record is at best curiously selective in its incompleteness Though the record amply documents the organisms corresponding to the branches on the Darwinian tree of life it inexplicably from a neo Darwinian point of view fails to preserve the organisms required to connect the branches i e those corresponding to the nodes As more and more fossil finds fall within existing |
| Match 206 (1):
Reference (010960 .. 011061, of 28480): |
Subject (008625 .. 008727, of 22118): |
|
groups it seems less and less likely that the absence of morphologically intermediate forms reflects a bias in sampling In other words Foote s analysis suggests the extreme improbability of discovering enough fossils representing previously unrepresented taxonomic categories to close the morphological distance between the Cambrian forms Instead based on sampling theory Foote argues that we have a representative sample of morphological diversity and therefore we can rely on patterns documented in the fossil record As he concludes although we have much to learn about the evolution of form in many respects our view of the history of biological diversity is mature |
groups it seems less and less likely that the absence of morphologically intermediate forms reflects a bias in sampling In other words Foote s analysis suggests the extreme improbability of discovering enough fossils representing previously unrepresented taxonomic categories to close the morphological distance between the Cambrian forms Instead Foote argues based on sampling theory that we have a representative sample of morphological diversity and therefore we can rely on patterns documented in the fossil record 66 As he concludes although we have much to learn about the evolution of form in many respects our view of the history of biological diversity is mature |
| Match 207 (1):
Reference (011067 .. 011092, of 28480): |
Subject (008730 .. 008756, of 22118): |
|
B The Vendian Radiation As we have seen above some have attempted to defend neo Darwinism by questioning the completeness of the fossil record Nevertheless others |
B The Ediacaran Vendian Radiation As we have seen above some have attempted to defend neo Darwinism by questioning the completeness of the fossil record Nevertheless others |
| Match 208 (1):
Reference (011165 .. 011180, of 28480): |
Subject (008873 .. 008888, of 22118): |
|
in England Newfoundland the White Sea in northwestern Russia and the Namibian desert in southern Africa |
in England Newfoundland the White Sea in northwestern Russia and the Namibian desert in southern Africa |
| Match 209 (1):
Reference (011181 .. 011223, of 28480): |
Subject (008907 .. 008949, of 22118): |
|
While these fossils were originally dated at between 700 million and 640 million years old volcanic ash beds both below and above the Namibian site have recently provided more accurate radiometric dates These studies fix the date for the first appearance of the |
While these fossils were originally dated at between 700 million and 640 million years old volcanic ash beds both below and above the Namibian site have recently provided more accurate radiometric dates These studies fix the date for the first appearance of the |
| Match 210 (1):
Reference (011232 .. 011241, of 28480): |
Subject (008954 .. 008963, of 22118): |
|
and their last appearance at the Cambrian boundary about 543 |
and the last appearance at the Cambrian boundary about 543 |
| Match 211 (1):
Reference (011249 .. 011258, of 28480): |
Subject (008971 .. 008979, of 22118): |
|
types of Vendian fossils all of which first appeared between |
types of fossils all of which first appeared between |
| Match 212 (1):
Reference (011290 .. 011331, of 28480): |
Subject (008994 .. 009034, of 22118): |
|
the flat air mattress like Dickinsonia and the enigmatic Spriginna with its elongate and segmented body and possible head shield These organisms are at least mostly soft bodied and large enough to identify with the naked eye The second group consists of |
the flat air mattress like Dickinsonia and the enigmatic Spriginna with it s elongate and segmented body and possible head shield These organisms are at least mostly softbodied and large enough to identify with the naked eye The second group of |
| Match 213 (1):
Reference (011350 .. 011376, of 28480): |
Subject (009035 .. 009065, of 22118): |
|
fossils the possible remains of animal activity such as tracks burrows and fecal pellets These may represent the remains of primitive wormlike creatures or primitive mollusks The |
fossils include trace fossils the possible remains of animal activity such as tracks burrows and fecal pellets These may represent the remains of primitive worm like creatures or primitive mollusks The |
| Match 214 (1):
Reference (011378 .. 011411, of 28480): |
Subject (009067 .. 009100, of 22118): |
|
group of fossils may actually represent body fossils of primitive mollusks Indeed a recent discovery in the cliffs along the White Sea in northwest Russia provides support for the existence of mollusks in the |
group of fossils may actually represent body fossils of primitive mollusks Indeed a recent discovery in the cliffs along the White Sea in Northwest Russia provides support for the existence of mollusks in the |
| Match 215 (1):
Reference (011419 .. 011434, of 28480): |
Subject (009108 .. 009123, of 22118): |
|
distinctive specimens of Kimberella a simple animal form These new White Sea specimens dated at 550 |
distinctive specimens of Kimberella a simple animal form These new White Sea specimens dated at 550 |
| Match 216 (1):
Reference (011439 .. 011462, of 28480): |
Subject (009126 .. 009150, of 22118): |
|
that Kimberella had a strong limpet like shell crept along the sea floor and resembled a mollusk Paleontologist Douglas Erwin of the Smithsonian Institution |
that Kimberella had a strong limpet like shell crept along the sea floor and resembled a mollusk 69 Paleontologist Douglas Erwin of the Smithsonian Institution |
| Match 217 (1):
Reference (011463 .. 011496, of 28480): |
Subject (009155 .. 009188, of 22118): |
|
has commented that it s the first animal that you can convincingly demonstrate is more complicated than a flatworm Radula style sea floor tracks from Precambrian sediments in both Canada and Australia have been |
has commented that its the first animal that you can convincingly demonstrate is more complicated than a flatworm 70 Radula style sea floor tracks from Precambrian sediments in both Canada and Australia have been |
| Match 218 (1):
Reference (011505 .. 011515, of 28480): |
Subject (009189 .. 009199, of 22118): |
|
attributed to mollusks and Kimberella may well be the track maker |
attributed to mollusks and Kimberella may well be the track maker |
| Match 219 (1):
Reference (011517 .. 011527, of 28480): |
Subject (009201 .. 009211, of 22118): |
|
The authors of the original descriptive paper in Nature Mikhail Fedonkin |
The authors of the original descriptive paper in Nature Mikhail Fedonkin |
| Match 220 (1):
Reference (011531 .. 011552, of 28480): |
Subject (009227 .. 009250, of 22118): |
|
conclude on the basis of their finds that at least molluscan grade bilaterians began to diversify before the beginning of the Cambrian |
conclude on the basis of their finds that metazoan triploblastic lineages including molluscan grade bilaterians began to diversify before the beginning of the Cambrian |
| Match 221 (1):
Reference (011555 .. 011617, of 28480): |
Subject (009260 .. 009317, of 22118): |
|
fascinating the late Precambrian fossil record does not signifi cantly diminish the difficulty of accounting for the Cambrian explosion on either a neo Darwinian or punctuationalist model First with the exception of Kimberella the body plans of visibly fossilized organisms as opposed to trace fossils bear no clear relationship to any of the new organisms that appear in the Cambrian explosion or thereafter |
in the fossil record does not significantly diminish the difficulty of accounting for the Cambrian explosion on either a neo Darwinian or punctuationalist model First with the exception of Kimbrella the body plans of the visible fossilized organisms as opposed to trace fossils bear no clear relationship to any of the organisms in the Cambrian explosion or thereafter |
| Match 222 (1):
Reference (011639 .. 011648, of 28480): |
Subject (009322 .. 009333, of 22118): |
|
doubt that these organisms even belong in the animal kingdom |
doubt that organisms such as Dickinsonia even belong in the animal Kingdom |
| Match 223 (1):
Reference (011650 .. 011804, of 28480): |
Subject (009335 .. 009491, of 22118): |
|
As Erwin Valentine and Jablonski have noted Although the soft bodied fossils that appear about 565 million years ago are animal like their classifications are hotly debated In just the past few years these Ediacaran fossils have been viewed as protozoans as lichens as close relatives of the cnidarians as a sister group to cnidarians plus all other animals as representatives of more advanced extinct phyla and as representatives of a new kingdom entirely separate from the animals Still other specialists have parceled the fauna out among living phyla with some assigned to the Cnidaria and others to the flatworms annelids arthropods and echinoderms This confusing state of affairs arose because these body fossils do not tend to share definitive anatomical details with modern groups and thus the assignments must be based on vague similarities of overall shape and form a method that has frequently proved misleading in other cases emphasis added 70 Second the |
As Erwin Valentine and Jablonski have noted Although the soft bodied fossils that appear about 565 million years ago are animal like their classifications are hotly debated In just the past few years these Ediacaran fossils have been viewed as protozoans as lichens as close relatives of the cnidarians as a sister group to cnidarians plus all other animals as representatives of more advanced extinct phyla and as representatives of a new kingdom entirely separate from the animals Still other specialists have parceled the fauna out among living phyla with some assigned to the Cnidaria and others to the flatworms annelids arthropods and echinoderms This confusing state of affairs arose because these body fossils do not tend to share definitive anatomical details with modern groups and thus the assignments must be based on vague similarities of overall shape and form a method that has frequently proved misleading in other cases 75 Emphasis Added Second even granting the |
| Match 224 (1):
Reference (011809 .. 011818, of 28480): |
Subject (009505 .. 009514, of 22118): |
|
very few types of animals three or at most four |
very few types of animals three or at most four |
| Match 225 (1):
Reference (011829 .. 011843, of 28480): |
Subject (009489 .. 009500, of 22118): |
|
even granting the most optimistic estimates of the significance of Vendian body and trace fossils |
even granting the most optimistic estimates of the significance of trace fossils |
| Match 226 (1):
Reference (011849 .. 011912, of 28480): |
Subject (009568 .. 009632, of 22118): |
|
trace fossils consisting of surface tracks and burrows along with fecal pellets Though small these could only have been made by organisms of a relatively high degree of differentiation Thus some have argued that these trace fossils suggest the existence of organisms with a head and tail nervous systems a muscular body wall allowing creeping or burrowing and a gut with mouth and anus |
trace fossils consist of surface tracks and burrows along with fecal pellets which though small could only have been made by animal organisms of a relatively high degree of differentiation Thus some have argued that these trace fossils suggest the existence of organisms with a head and tail nervous systems a muscular body wall allowing creeping or burrowing and a gut with mouth and anus |
| Match 227 (1):
Reference (011914 .. 011937, of 28480): |
Subject (009634 .. 009656, of 22118): |
|
These inferred physical characteristics would indicate organisms of organ grade complexity above that of flatworms Some paleobiologists have therefore speculated that the tracks burrows |
These inferred physical characteristics would indicate organisms of organ grade complexity above that of flatworms Some paleobiologists have speculated that the tracks burrows |
| Match 228 (1):
Reference (011942 .. 011964, of 28480): |
Subject (009657 .. 009679, of 22118): |
|
and feeding trails indicate the existence of two probably Mollusca and a worm phylum or so types of animals prior to the Cambrian |
and feeding trails indicate the existence of two probably mollusca and a worm phyla or so types of animals prior to the Cambrian |
| Match 229 (1):
Reference (011966 .. 011975, of 28480): |
Subject (009693 .. 009701, of 22118): |
|
Nevertheless even on the most optimistic interpretation of these remains |
Nevertheless even on the most optimistic interpretation these remains |
| Match 230 (1):
Reference (011988 .. 011998, of 28480): |
Subject (009711 .. 009725, of 22118): |
|
some of largely unknown characteristics Thus neither the peculiar Ediacaran fauna |
so animal body plans of largely unknown characteristics Thus the Ediacaran data taken as a |
| Match 231 (1):
Reference (012004 .. 012024, of 28480): |
Subject (009723 .. 009744, of 22118): |
|
taken as a whole establishes the existence of the wide variety of transitional intermediates that neo Darwinism and punctuated equilibrium require |
taken as a whole hardly establishes the existence of the wide variety of transitional intermediates that neo Darwinism and punctuated equilibrium require |
| Match 232 (1):
Reference (012070 .. 012081, of 28480): |
Subject (009848 .. 009860, of 22118): |
|
percent of the Cambrian phyla with no ancestors in the Precambrian rocks |
percent of the Cambrian phyla with no such ancestors in the Precambrian rocks |
| Match 233 (1):
Reference (012074 .. 012089, of 28480): |
Subject (009753 .. 009764, of 22118): |
|
phyla with no ancestors in the Precambrian rocks Further even if one grants that representatives of |
phyla in the Cambrian First even if one grants that representatives of |
| Match 234 (1):
Reference (012096 .. 012117, of 28480): |
Subject (009772 .. 009792, of 22118): |
|
it does not follow that these forms were actually transitional intermediates Some were or may have been representatives of known Cambrian phyla |
it does not follow that these forms were transitional intermediates Some were or may have been representatives of known Cambrian phyla |
| Match 235 (1):
Reference (012123 .. 012139, of 28480): |
Subject (009793 .. 009810, of 22118): |
|
thus demonstrating not a gradual transformation but instead only the earlier appearance of a previously known phyla |
thus demonstrating not a gradual transformation but instead only the earlier appearance of a few previously known phyla |
| Match 236 (1):
Reference (012150 .. 012168, of 28480): |
Subject (009869 .. 009887, of 22118): |
|
do not make it easier for neo Darwinism to explain the pattern of appearance in the fossil record The |
does not make it easier for neo Darwinism to explain the pattern of appearance in the fossil record The |
| Match 237 (1):
Reference (012171 .. 012209, of 28480): |
Subject (009890 .. 009930, of 22118): |
|
themselves evidence a puzzling discontinuous increase in specified biological complexity though not one nearly great enough or of the right kind to account for the Cambrian explosion Prior to the appearance of organisms such as Kimberella Dickinsonia and sponges |
themselves evidence a puzzling discontinuous increase in specified biological complexity though not one nearly great enough or of the right kind to account for the Cambrian explosion Prior to the appearance of Ediacaran organisms such as Kimbrella and Dickinsonia and sponges |
| Match 238 (1):
Reference (012210 .. 012220, of 28480): |
Subject (009936 .. 009946, of 22118): |
|
the only living forms documented in the fossil record for over |
the only living forms documented in the fossil record for over |
| Match 239 (1):
Reference (012226 .. 012285, of 28480): |
Subject (009952 .. 010013, of 22118): |
|
celled organisms and colonial algae The emergence of primitive mollusks the two dimensional animal like Dickinsonia sponges and worms as attested by trace fossils represents therefore a significant discontinuous increase in the information content or specified complexity of the biological world not unlike that evidenced in the Cambrian explosion itself though of a much lesser degree Thus the Ediacaran and |
celled organisms and colonial algae The emergence of primitive molluscs the two dimensional animal like Dickinsonia and worms as attested by trace fossils represents therefore a significant discontinuous increase in the information content or specified complexity of the biological world not unlike that evidenced in the Cambrian explosion itself though of a much lesser degree Thus the Ediacaran may attest to a |
| Match 240 (1):
Reference (012291 .. 012303, of 28480): |
Subject (010010 .. 010024, of 22118): |
|
may attest to a separate sudden increase in specified biological complexity within a |
may attest to a separate sudden increase in biological complexity with the emergence of a |
| Match 241 (1):
Reference (012316 .. 012334, of 28480): |
Subject (010054 .. 010072, of 22118): |
|
billion years in which only bacteria and algae inhabited the earth The complexity jump required by the appearance of |
billion years in which only bacteria and algae inhabited the earth The complexity jump required by the appearance of |
| Match 242 (1):
Reference (012345 .. 012360, of 28480): |
Subject (010083 .. 010098, of 22118): |
|
to exceed the explanatory resources of either the selection mutation or the species selection mechanisms see |
to exceed the explanatory resources of either the selection mutation or the species selection mechanism see |
| Match 243 (1):
Reference (012370 .. 012379, of 28480): |
Subject (010099 .. 010109, of 22118): |
|
discussion in section V A Thus the appearance of the |
discussion in Section V A below Thus the appearance of the |
| Match 244 (1):
Reference (012382 .. 012409, of 28480): |
Subject (010112 .. 010137, of 22118): |
|
does not solve the problem of the sudden increase in biological complexity during the Cambrian at best it constitutes another though lesser manifestation of the same problem in |
does not solve the problem of the sudden increase in biological complexity during the Cambrian it constitutes another though lesser manifestation of the same problem in |
| Match 245 (1):
Reference (012424 .. 012457, of 28480): |
Subject (010155 .. 010186, of 22118): |
|
as evidence of a kind of fuse on the Cambrian explosion the total time encompassed by the Vendian and Cambrian radiations still remains exceedingly brief relative to neo Darwinian expectations and requirements 74 Only |
as a kind of fuse on the Cambrian explosion 79 the total time encompassed by the Vendian and Cambrian radiations still remains exceedingly brief relative to neo Darwinian expectations and requirements Only |
| Match 246 (1):
Reference (012460 .. 012470, of 28480): |
Subject (010188 .. 010198, of 22118): |
|
million years elapsed between the beginning of the Vendian radiation 565 |
million years elapsed between the beginning of the Vendian radiation 565 |
| Match 247 (1):
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This represents about 7 percent of the time that modern neo Darwinists expect for the development of complex animals from their alleged common ancestor see discussion of deep divergence |
This represents about 7 of the time that modern neo Darwinists expect for the development of complex animals from their alleged common ancestor see discussion of deep divergence |
| Match 248 (1):
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and by nearly all accounts far less time than the mutation selection mechanism would require |
and by nearly all accounts far less time than the selection mutation mechanism would require |
| Match 249 (1):
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see section V A Until recently radiometric studies had estimated the duration of the Cambrian radiation itself at 40 million years a period of time so brief geologically speaking that paleontologists had dubbed it an explosion The relative suddenness of this event even on the earlier measure of its duration had already raised serious questions about the adequacy of the neo Darwinian mechanism Treating the Vendian and the Cambrian radiations as one continuous evolutionary event itself a dubious assumption only returns the problem to its earlier pre Zircon redating status hardly a positive state of affairs for advocates of neo Darwinism C The Deep Divergence Hypothesis Recently evolutionary biologists have attempted to defend neo Darwinism against the evidential challenge of the fossil record in another way Some evolutionary biologists have denied the explosive character of the Cambrian radiation and postulated a long period of undetected or cryptic evolution in the Precambrian beginning from a common ancestor some 1 2 billion years ago To support such claims these biologists have asserted the primacy of molecular data over the evidence of the fossil record itself In particular a recent study of molecular sequence data by Wray Levinton and Shapiro entitled Molecular Evidence for Deep Precambrian Divergences among Metazoan Phyla purports to provide compelling molecular evidence for a common ancestor of the Cambrian phyla dating from 1 2 billion years ago or nearly 700 million years before the Cambrian radiation 75 Wray |
see Section V A below Until recently radiometric studies had estimated the duration of the Cambrian radiation itself at 40 million years a period of time so brief geologically speaking that paleontologists had dubbed it an explosion The relative suddenness of this event even on the earlier measure of its duration had already raised serious questions about the adequacy of the neo Darwinian mechanism Treating the Vendian and the Cambrian radiations as one continuous evolutionary event itself a dubious assumption only returns the problem to its earlier pre Zircon redating status hardly a positive state of affairs for advocates of neo Darwinism IV C The Deep Divergence Hypothesis Recently evolutionary biologists have attempted to defend neo Darwinism against the evidential challenge of the fossil record in another way Some evolutionary biologists have denied the explosive character of the Cambrian radiation and postulated a long period of undetected or cryptic evolution in the pre Cambrian beginning from a common ancestor some 1 2 billion years ago To support these claims these biologists have asserted the primacy of molecular data over the evidence of the fossil record itself In particular a recent study of molecular sequence data by Gregory A Wray Jeffrey S Levinton and Leo H Shapiro entitled Molecular Evidence for Deep Precambrian Divergences Among Metazoan Phyla 80 purports to provide compelling molecular evidence for a common ancestor of the Cambrian phyla dating from 1 2 billion years ago or nearly 700 million years before the Cambrian radiation Wray |
| Match 250 (1):
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Cambrian phyla continued at a steady pace for nearly 700 million years from this deep divergence point until the Cambrian animals first appeared in the fossil record 530 million years ago They then explain the absence of ancestral forms using a version of the artifact |
Cambrian phyla continued at a steady pace for nearly 700 million years from this deep divergence point until the Cambrian animals first appeared in the fossil record 530 million years ago They then explain the absence of ancestral forms using a version of the artifact |
| Match 251 (1):
Reference (012830 .. 012848, of 28480): |
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artifact hypothesis namely that Precambrian ancestors existed in an exclusively soft bodied form until the Cambrian explosion occurred Wray |
a version of the artifact theory namely that Precambrian ancestors existed in an exclusively soft bodied form until the Cambrian explosion occurred Wray |
| Match 252 (1):
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Subject (010578 .. 010696, of 22118): |
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support their fundamental claim about the deep divergence of animal evolution 1 2 billion years ago on the basis of molecular sequence comparisons Specifically they compared the degree of difference between the amino acid sequences of seven proteins ATP ase cytochrome c cytochrome oxidase I and II alpha and beta hemoglobin and NADH I derived from several different modern animals representing five Cambrian phyla annelids arthropods mollusks chordates and echinoderms They also compared the nucleotide base sequences of a ribosomal RNA 18S rRNA from the same animal representatives of the same five phyla Assuming that the degree of difference in sequencing reflects the amount of time that has elapsed since the ancestors of different animals began to diverge from each other Wray |
support their fundamental claim about the deep divergence of animal evolution 1 2 billion years ago on the basis of molecular sequence comparisons Specifically they compared the degree of difference between the amino acid sequences of seven proteins ATP ase cytochrome c cytochrome oxidase I and II alpha and beta hemoglobin and NADH I derived from several different modern animals representing five Cambrian phyla annelids arthropods mollusks chordates and echinoderms They also compared the nucleotide base sequences of a ribosomal RNA 18S rRNA from the same animal representatives of the same five phyla Assuming that the degree of difference in sequencing reflects the amount of time that has elapsed since different animals began to diverge from each other Wray |
| Match 253 (1):
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determine a date for the common ancestor from which the evolution of the Cambrian animals began Their analysis places the common ancestor from which all animal forms diverged at nearly 700 million years before the Cambrian explosion Their analysis implies a very ancient or stratigraphically deep divergence of the animal forms in opposition to those who claim that the Cambrian animals appeared suddenly Indeed a major purpose of their study |
determine a date for the common ancestor from which the evolution of the Cambrian animals began Their analysis places the common ancestor from which all animal forms diverged at nearly 700 million years before the Cambrian explosion Their analysis implies a very ancient or stratigraphically deep divergence of the animal forms in opposition to those who claim that the Cambrian animals appeared suddenly Indeed a major purpose of the study |
| Match 254 (1):
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was to disconfirm the traditional view that the animal phyla diverged in an explosion near the beginning of the Cambrian period They argue |
was to disconfirm the traditional view that the animal phyla diverged in an explosion near the beginning of the Cambrian period 81 They argue |
| Match 255 (1):
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Subject (010798 .. 010868, of 22118): |
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that all mean divergence time estimates between these four phyla and chordates based on all seven genes substantially predate the beginning of the Cambrian period And they conclude Our results cast doubt on the prevailing notion that the animal phyla diverged explosively during the Cambrian or late Vendian and instead suggest that there was an extended period of divergence during the mid Proterozoic commencing about a billion years ago |
that all mean divergence time estimates between these four phyla and chordates based on all seven genes substantially predate the beginning of the Cambrian period 82 And they conclude o ur results cast doubt on the prevailing notion that the animal phyla diverged explosively during the Cambrian or late Vendian and instead suggest that there was an extended period of divergence during the mid Proterozoic commencing about a billion years ago |
| Match 256 (1):
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Subject (010870 .. 010899, of 22118): |
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From a neo Darwinian point of view the results of Wray Levinton and Shapiro s study seem almost axiomatic since the neo Darwinian mechanism requires extensive amounts of time to produce the |
From a neo Darwinian point of view the results of Wray s study seem almost axiomatic since the neo Darwinian mechanism would require extensive amounts of time to produce the |
| Match 257 (1):
Reference (013175 .. 013207, of 28480): |
Subject (010902 .. 010934, of 22118): |
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present in the Cambrian strata As Andrew Knoll a Harvard paleontologist has stated The idea that animals should have originated much earlier than we see them in the fossil record is almost inescapable |
present in the Cambrian strata As Andrew Knoll a Harvard paleontologist has stated The idea that animals should have originated much earlier than we see them in the fossil record is almost inescapable |
| Match 258 (1):
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Nevertheless the deep divergence hypothesis suffers from several severe difficulties First the postulation of an extensive 700 million year period of undetectable evolution remains |
Nevertheless the deep divergence hypothesis suffers from several severe difficulties First the postulation of an extensive 700 million year period of undetectable evolution from a |
| Match 259 (1):
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Subject (010936 .. 010964, of 22118): |
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Nevertheless the deep divergence hypothesis suffers from several severe difficulties First the postulation of an extensive 700 million year period of undetectable evolution remains highly problematic from a paleontological point of view |
Nevertheless the deep divergence hypothesis suffers from several severe difficulties First the postulation of an extensive 700 million year period of undetectable evolution from a paleontological point of view |
| Match 260 (1):
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Subject (010972 .. 010985, of 22118): |
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preservation of numerous soft bodied Cambrian animals as well as Precambrian sponge embryos and microorganisms |
preservation of numerous soft bodied Cambrian animals as well as Precambrian embryos and microorganisms |
| Match 261 (1):
Reference (013267 .. 013282, of 28480): |
Subject (010998 .. 011012, of 22118): |
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those versions of the artifact hypothesis that invoke an extensive period of undetected soft bodied evolution |
those versions of the artifact theory that invoke an extensive period of soft bodied evolution |
| Match 262 (1):
Reference (013286 .. 013297, of 28480): |
Subject (007824 .. 007835, of 22118): |
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Further the postulation of exclusively soft bodied ancestors for hard bodied Cambrian |
Furthermore the postulation of exclusively soft bodied ancestors for hard bodied Cambrian |
| Match 263 (1):
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Subject (011026 .. 011053, of 22118): |
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of exclusively soft bodied ancestors for hard bodied Cambrian forms remains anatomically implausible as noted earlier A brachiopod cannot survive without its shell Nor can an arthropod exist |
of exclusively soft bodied ancestors for hard bodied Cambrian forms remains anatomically implausible as noted earlier A brachiopod cannot survive without its shell Nor can an arthropod e |
| Match 264 (1):
Reference (013316 .. 013327, of 28480): |
Subject (011060 .. 011071, of 22118): |
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exist without its exoskeleton Any plausible ancestor to such organisms would have |
exist without its exoskeleton Any plausible ancestor to such organisms should have |
| Match 265 (1):
Reference (013349 .. 013365, of 28480): |
Subject (011093 .. 011111, of 22118): |
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Shapiro s results vary dramatically from other similar sequence comparisons In a more recent publication Ayala Rzhetsky |
a second difficulty it results vary dramatically from other similar sequence comparisons In a more recent publication Ayala et |
| Match 266 (1):
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Subject (011112 .. 011125, of 22118): |
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Ayala have recalculated the divergence times using the same protein coding genes as Wray |
al have recalculated the divergence times using the same protein coding genes as Wray |
| Match 267 (1):
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Subject (011128 .. 011147, of 22118): |
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but eliminating 18S rRNA an RNA coding gene because of problems with obtaining a reliable alignment and adding an additional |
but eliminating 18S rRNA an RNA coding gene because of problems with obtaining a reliable alignment and adding an additional |
| Match 268 (1):
Reference (013405 .. 013420, of 28480): |
Subject (011149 .. 011165, of 22118): |
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protein coding genes Correcting what they argue are a host of statistical problems in the Wray |
protein coding genes Correcting what they argue are a host of statistical problems 85 in the Wray |
| Match 269 (1):
Reference (013424 .. 013459, of 28480): |
Subject (011168 .. 011202, of 22118): |
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study Ayala Rzhetsky and Ayala found that their own estimates are consistent with paleontological estimates not with the deep divergence hypothesis Extrapolating to distant times from molecular evolutionary rates estimated within confined data sets note Ayala |
study Ayala and colleagues found that their own estimates are consistent with paleontological estimates not with the deep divergence hypothesis Extrapolating to distant times from molecular evolutionary rates estimated within confined data sets note Ayala |
| Match 270 (1):
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Subject (011210 .. 011232, of 22118): |
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Nevertheless to the extent that such estimates can be made they contend their results correspond with the standard paleontological estimates Third |
Nevertheless to the extent that such estimates can be made contend Ayala et al their results correspond with the standard paleontological estimates Third |
| Match 271 (1):
Reference (013507 .. 013523, of 28480): |
Subject (011667 .. 011683, of 22118): |
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unlike radiometric clocks molecular clocks depend upon a whole host of contingent factors both biological and environmental |
Unlike radiometric clocks molecular clocks depend upon a whole host of contingent factors both biological and environmental |
| Match 272 (1):
Reference (013528 .. 013560, of 28480): |
Subject (011684 .. 011716, of 22118): |
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As Valentine Jablonski and Erwin note different genes in different clades evolve at different rates different parts of genes evolve at different rates and most importantly rates within clades have changed over time |
As Valentine Jablonski and Erwin note different genes in different clades evolve at different rates different parts of genes evolve at different rates and most importantly rates within clades have changed over time |
| Match 273 (1):
Reference (013562 .. 013603, of 28480): |
Subject (011718 .. 011761, of 22118): |
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Moreover many environmental factors influence mutation rates including catastrophic events that have often punctuated the geologic record The mutation rate can greatly increase during the collapse of the magnetic field or following mass extinctions when new ecological niches open up Further mutations |
Moreover many environmental factors influence mutation rates including the many catastrophic events that have often punctuated the geologic record The mutation rate can greatly increase during the collapse of the magnetic field or following mass extinctions when new ecological niches open up Further mutations |
| Match 274 (1):
Reference (013608 .. 013644, of 28480): |
Subject (011762 .. 011798, of 22118): |
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depend upon active biological processes that occur at different stages of genomic and embryological developmental They do not depend upon the physics of constant radiometric decay In any case without evidence from the fossil record older than |
depend upon active biological processes that occur at different stages of genomic and embryological developmental They do not depend upon the physics of constant radiometric decay In any case without evidence from the fossil record older than |
| Match 275 (1):
Reference (013649 .. 013672, of 28480): |
Subject (011801 .. 011824, of 22118): |
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with which to calibrate the molecular clock its reliability in dating the origin of the Cambrian animal phyla at between 1 and 1 2 |
with which to calibrate the molecular clock its reliability in dating the origin of the Cambrian animal phyla at between 1 and 1 2 |
| Match 276 (1):
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Subject (011826 .. 011892, of 22118): |
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remains highly questionable Thus Valentine Jablonski and Erwin argue that the accuracy of the molecular clock is still problematical at least for phylum divergences for the estimates vary by some 800 million years depending upon the techniques and or the molecules used it is not clear that molecular clock dates can ever be applied reliably to such geologically remote events as Neoproterozoic branchings within the Metazoa |
remains highly questionable 90 Thus Valentine Jablonski and Erwin argue that the accuracy of the molecular clock is still problematical at least for phylum divergences for the estimates vary by some 800 million years depending upon the techniques and or the molecules used it is not clear that molecular clock dates can ever be applied reliably to such geologically remote events as Neoproterozoic branchings within the Metazoa |
| Match 277 (1):
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Subject (011894 .. 011916, of 22118): |
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Thus as Simon Conway Morris concludes a deep history extending to an origination in excess of 1 000 Myr is very unlikely |
Thus as paleontologist Simon Conway Morris concludes a deep history extending to an origination in excess of 1 000 Myr is very unlikely |
| Match 278 (1):
Reference (013779 .. 013802, of 28480): |
Subject (011469 .. 011489, of 22118): |
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analyzed would in any case have had little role in the origin of novel body plans Nearly all of the proteins analyzed by Wray |
analyzed would have had little role in the origin of novel body plans Nearly all of the proteins analyzed by Wray |
| Match 279 (1):
Reference (013806 .. 013863, of 28480): |
Subject (011492 .. 011550, of 22118): |
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are found in any organism from the simplest one celled prokaryotes or protists eukaryotes to multicellular animals Any evolution that these proteins might have undergone over whatever duration of time could not have caused higher level body plans to differentiate since such differentiation involves at the very least morphological regulator proteins such as DNA binding proteins that Wray |
are found in any organism from the simplest one celled prokaryotes or protists eukaryotes to multi cellular animals Any evolution that these proteins might have undergone over whatever duration of time could not have caused higher level body plans to differentiate since such differentiation involves at the very least morphological regulator proteins such as DNA binding proteins that Wray |
| Match 280 (1):
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Subject (011553 .. 011580, of 22118): |
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did not analyze As Johns and Miklos have noted elsewhere changes in structural genes are unlikely to have anything to do with the production of major morphological change |
did not analyze As Johns and Miklos have noted elsewhere changes in structural genes are unlikely to have anything to do with the production of major morphological change |
| Match 281 (1):
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Subject (011590 .. 011601, of 22118): |
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did analyze simply do not suf fice to explain body plan formation Yet |
did analyze simply do not suffice to explain body plan formation Yet |
| Match 282 (1):
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Subject (011605 .. 011627, of 22118): |
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use their analyses of the differences between these molecules to make in effect a claim about the time at which body plans began to diverge |
use their analyses of the differences between these molecules to make a claim about the time at which body plans began to diverge |
| Match 283 (1):
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Subject (011233 .. 011253, of 22118): |
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all analyses of sequence data make assumptions that raise serious questions about their reliability as indicators of very ancient common ancestors |
all analyses of sequence data make assumptions that raise serious questions about their reliability as indicators of very ancient common ancestors |
| Match 284 (1):
Reference (013967 .. 014037, of 28480): |
Subject (011257 .. 011328, of 22118): |
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sequence analyses assume rather than demonstrate the doctrine of universal common descent By assuming that sequence differences reflect the amount of time that has passed since different animals began to diverge from a common ancestor molecular studies clearly presuppose that some such ancestor existed Sequence analyses calculate how long ago a common ancestor for two or more organisms might have existed if one assumes that some such organism must have existed |
sequence analyses assume rather than demonstrate the doctrine of common descent By assuming that sequence differences reflect the amount of time that has passed since different animals began to diverge from a common ancestor molecular studies clearly presuppose that some such ancestor existed In effect sequence analyses calculate how long ago a common ancestor for two or more organisms might have existed if one assumes that some such organism must have existed |
| Match 285 (1):
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Subject (011350 .. 011367, of 22118): |
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whether the Cambrian animals had a common ancestor is part of the point at issue or should be |
whether the Cambrian animals had a common ancestor is part of the point at issue or should be |
| Match 286 (1):
Reference (014066 .. 014125, of 28480): |
Subject (011369 .. 011429, of 22118): |
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The fossil record taken at face value certainly provides no evidential basis for this claim To invoke molecular analyses that presuppose a common ancestor as evidence for the existence of such an entity only begs the question Perhaps the Precambrian rocks do not record transitional intermediates and ancestors for Cambrian animals because none existed Citing sequence analyses that tacitly assume |
The fossil record taken at face value certainly provides no evidential basis for this claim To invoke molecular analyses that presuppose a common ancestor as evidence for such an entity only begs the question Perhaps the Precambrian rocks do not record transitional intermediates and ancestors for Cambrian animals because none existed Citing sequence analyses that employ a tacitly neo Darwinian assumption |
| Match 287 (1):
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Subject (011445 .. 011453, of 22118): |
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Certainly it provides no reason for privileging molecular analyses over fossil evidence |
Certainly it provides no reason for privileging molecular evidence |
| Match 288 (1):
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Subject (000509 .. 000518, of 22118): |
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the pattern of fossil evidence surrounding the Cambrian explosion Instead |
the pattern of fossil evidence surrounding the Cambrian explosion Instead |
| Match 289 (1):
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Subject (011966 .. 011980, of 22118): |
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in the Precambrian Cambrian fossil record In this section we will now expand our critique |
explain key features of the fossil record In this section we now expand our critique |
| Match 290 (1):
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Subject (013162 .. 013173, of 22118): |
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an alternative causal explanation for both the origin of the new information that |
an explanation for the origin of the information required to build a |
| Match 291 (1):
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Subject (013023 .. 013036, of 22118): |
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the origin of the new information that arises in the Cambrian and the |
the origin of information in the Cambrian fossils presents a different situation Clearly the |
| Match 292 (1):
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Subject (018847 .. 018855, of 22118): |
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the new information and body plans that arise in the Cambrian |
the new body plans that arise in the Cambrian |
| Match 293 (1):
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Subject (006899 .. 006913, of 22118): |
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cannot explain the origin of the main features of the Cambrian |
a sufficient mechanism to explain the origin of the major body plans in the Cambrian |
| Match 294 (1):
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Subject (012117 .. 012128, of 22118): |
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manifests hallmarks or positive indicators of intelligently designed systems features that |
manifest distinctive features hallmarks or positive indicators of intelligently design systems that |
| Match 295 (1):
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Subject (012132 .. 012144, of 22118): |
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features that in any other realm of experience would trigger the recognition of |
features that in any other realm of experience would trigger the recognition of |
| Match 296 (1):
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Subject (012132 .. 012147, of 22118): |
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features that in any other realm of experience would trigger the recognition of purposive or intelligent activity |
features that in any other realm of experience would trigger the recognition of prior intelligent activity |
| Match 297 (1):
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Subject (012540 .. 012566, of 22118): |
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We now consider these features in roughly the reverse order as they were discussed in Part II A The Quantum Increase in Specified Biological Information |
We now consider these features in the roughly the reverse order as they were discussed in Part II V A The Quantum Increase in Specified Biological Information |
| Match 298 (1):
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Subject (012805 .. 012819, of 22118): |
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Information How can we best explain such a discontinuous or quantum increase in biological information |
information How can we best explain such a discontinuous or quantum increase in biological information |
| Match 299 (1):
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Subject (012821 .. 012877, of 22118): |
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Meyer argued in a previous essay about the origin of life that intelligent design provides a sufficient causal explanation for the origin of large amounts of information since we have considerable experience of intelligent agents generating informational configurations of matter To quote information theorist Henry Quastler the creation of new information is habitually associated with conscious activity |
Meyer argued in a previous essay about the origin of life intelligent design does provide a sufficient causal explanation for the origin of large amounts of information since we have considerable experience of intelligent agents generating informational configurations of matter To quote information theorist Henry Quastler the creation of new information is habitually associated with conscious activity |
| Match 300 (1):
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Subject (012879 .. 012970, of 22118): |
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Yet whether intelligent design constitutes a necessary or best causal explanation for the biological information that arises in the Cambrian depends upon whether other causally adequate explanations exist In Meyer s previous discussion of the origin of genetic information in a prebiotic context he argued against the sufficiency of three broad classes of naturalistic explanation for the origin of the genetic information required to make a cell in the first place He argued that neither chance nor prebiotic natural selection acting on random variations nor physicalchemical necessity |
Yet whether intelligent design constitutes a necessary or best causal explanation for the biological information that arises in the Cambrian depends upon whether or not other causally adequate explanations exist In Meyer s previous discussion of the origin of genetic information in a pre biotic context he argued against the sufficiency of three broad classes of naturalistic explanation for the origin of the genetic information required to make a cell in the first place He argued that neither chance nor pre biotic natural selection acting on random variations nor physical chemical necessity |
| Match 301 (1):
Reference (014791 .. 014804, of 28480): |
Subject (012973 .. 012989, of 22118): |
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for the origin of biological information starting from simple chemistry Since only intelligent design |
selforganization sufficed to explain the origin of biological information starting from simple chemistry Since only intelligent design |
| Match 302 (1):
Reference (014807 .. 014837, of 28480): |
Subject (012991 .. 013021, of 22118): |
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as a causal explanation for the origin of information he concluded that intelligent design represents the best explanation for the origin of the information necessary to build the first living cell |
as a causal explanation for the origin of information he concluded that intelligent design represents the best explanation for the origin of the information necessary to build the first living cell |
| Match 303 (1):
Reference (014846 .. 014893, of 28480): |
Subject (013022 .. 013069, of 22118): |
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Nevertheless the origin of information in the Cambrian fossils presents a different situation Clearly the amount of information represented by the many novel genes proteins and morphological structures that arise in the Cambrian defies the explanatory resources of chance especially given the limited time involved in the explosion |
Nevertheless the origin of information in the Cambrian fossils presents a different situation Clearly the amount of information represented by the many novel genes proteins and morphological structures that arise in the Cambrian defies the explanatory resources of chance especially given the limited time involved in the explosion |
| Match 304 (1):
Reference (014894 .. 014928, of 28480): |
Subject (013092 .. 013127, of 22118): |
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Nevertheless neo Darwinists would argue that in a biological as opposed to a prebiotic context the neo Darwinian mechanism of natural selection acting on random variation does play a significant role in generating novel information |
Nevertheless neo Darwinists would argue that in a biological as opposed to a pre biotic context the neo Darwinian mechanism of natural selection acting on random variation does play a significant role in generating novel information |
| Match 305 (1):
Reference (014944 .. 014963, of 28480): |
Subject (013128 .. 013150, of 22118): |
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Thus for intelligent design to stand as the best rather than just a plausible explanation for the origin of the |
Thus for intelligent design to stand as the best rather than just a plausible explanation for the origin of biological information in the |
| Match 306 (1):
Reference (014958 .. 014970, of 28480): |
Subject (012889 .. 012898, of 22118): |
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explanation for the origin of the biological information that arises in the Cambrian |
explanation for the biological information that arises in the Cambrian |
| Match 307 (1):
Reference (014986 .. 014998, of 28480): |
Subject (012889 .. 012898, of 22118): |
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explanations for the origin of the biological information that arises in the Cambrian |
explanation for the biological information that arises in the Cambrian |
| Match 308 (1):
Reference (015010 .. 015019, of 28480): |
Subject (012967 .. 012981, of 22118): |
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no special mechanism for the origin of novel biological information |
nor physical chemical necessity i e selforganization sufficed to explain the origin of biological information |
| Match 309 (1):
Reference (015056 .. 015068, of 28480): |
Subject (012625 .. 012637, of 22118): |
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As noted above one useful metric of complexity is number of cell types |
As noted above one useful metric of complexity is number of cell types |
| Match 310 (1):
Reference (015107 .. 015154, of 28480): |
Subject (012759 .. 012806, of 22118): |
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organisms that suddenly appeared in the Cambrian had many more novel and specialized cell types and thus many more novel and specialized proteins than the much more simple organisms found in the Precambrian Hence they would have required at minimum a vast amount of new genetic information How |
organisms that suddenly appeared in the Cambrian had many more novel and specialized cell types and thus many more novel and specialized proteins than the much more simple organisms found in the Precambrian Hence they would have required at minimum a vast amount of new genetic information How |
| Match 311 (1):
Reference (015159 .. 015185, of 28480): |
Subject (013185 .. 013211, of 22118): |
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According to neo Darwinism novel genes and proteins arise as the result of natural selection acting on random variations or mutations in the genetic material of organisms |
According to neo Darwinism novel genes and proteins arise as the result of natural selection acting on random variations or mutations in the genetic material of organisms |
| Match 312 (1):
Reference (015571 .. 015588, of 28480): |
Subject (013522 .. 013538, of 22118): |
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shown that proteins and thus the genes that produce them are indeed highly specified relative to biological function |
shown that proteins and thus the genes that produce them are highly specified relative to biological function |
| Match 313 (1):
Reference (015751 .. 015761, of 28480): |
Subject (013655 .. 013666, of 22118): |
|
and that functional proteins represent highly isolated and improbable arrangements of |
and that as a consequence individual proteins represent highly improbable arrangements of |
| Match 314 (1):
Reference (015787 .. 015796, of 28480): |
Subject (014233 .. 014242, of 22118): |
|
Of course neo Darwinists do not envision a completely random |
Of course neo Darwinists do not envision a completely random |
| Match 315 (1):
Reference (015794 .. 015822, of 28480): |
Subject (014248 .. 014276, of 22118): |
|
a completely random search through the space of possible nucleotide sequences They see natural selection acting to preserve small advantageous variations in genetic sequences and their corresponding protein products |
a random search through the space of combinatorially possible nucleotide sequences They see natural selection acting to preserve small advantageous variations in genetic sequences and their corresponding protein products |
| Match 316 (1):
Reference (015823 .. 015833, of 28480): |
Subject (013245 .. 013255, of 22118): |
|
Richard Dawkins for example likens an organism to a high mountain |
Richard Dawkins for example likens an organism to a high mountain |
| Match 317 (1):
Reference (015836 .. 015861, of 28480): |
Subject (013257 .. 013287, of 22118): |
|
He compares climbing the sheer precipice up the front side of the mountain to building a new organism by chance He acknowledges that this approach up |
He compares the task of climbing the sheer precipice up the front side of the mountain to that of building a new organism by chance He acknowledges that this approach up |
| Match 318 (1):
Reference (015863 .. 015895, of 28480): |
Subject (013289 .. 013323, of 22118): |
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Improbable will not succeed Nevertheless he suggests that there is a gradual slope up the backside of the mountain that could be climbed in small incremental steps In his analogy the backside up |
Improbable will not succeed Yet he suggests that there is a gradual slope up the back side of the mountain that could be climbed in small incremental steps In his analogy the back side up |
| Match 319 (1):
Reference (015897 .. 015937, of 28480): |
Subject (013325 .. 013369, of 22118): |
|
Improbable corresponds to the process of natural selection acting on random changes in the genetic text What chance alone cannot accomplish blindly or in one leap selection acting on mutations can accomplish through the cumulative effect of many slight successive steps |
Improbable corresponds to the process of natural selection acting on random changes in the genetic text What chance alone cannot accomplish blindly or in one leap natural selection acting on random variations and mutations can accomplish through the cumulative effect of many slight successive steps |
| Match 320 (1):
Reference (015938 .. 015959, of 28480): |
Subject (014277 .. 014297, of 22118): |
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Yet the extreme specificity and complexity of proteins present a diffi culty not only for the chance origin of specified biological information |
Yet the extreme specificity and complexity of proteins presents a difficulty not only for the chance origin of specified biological information |
| Match 321 (1):
Reference (015938 .. 015969, of 28480): |
Subject (014277 .. 014307, of 22118): |
|
Yet the extreme specificity and complexity of proteins present a diffi culty not only for the chance origin of specified biological information that is for random mutations acting alone but also for |
Yet the extreme specificity and complexity of proteins presents a difficulty not only for the chance origin of specified biological information i e for random mutations act alone but also for |
| Match 322 (1):
Reference (016264 .. 016279, of 28480): |
Subject (014026 .. 014042, of 22118): |
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the probability of attaining at random the correct sequencing for a short protein 100 amino acids |
the probability of attaining the correct sequencing at random for a single short protein 100 amino acids |
| Match 323 (1):
Reference (016327 .. 016342, of 28480): |
Subject (014116 .. 014132, of 22118): |
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specialized functions Susumu Ohno has noted that Cambrian animals would have required complex proteins such as |
specialized functions Susumu Ohno has noted that many Cambrian animals would have required complex proteins such as |
| Match 324 (1):
Reference (016386 .. 016402, of 28480): |
Subject (014179 .. 014195, of 22118): |
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molecules suggests that the probability of producing functionally sequenced proteins of this length at random is far |
s work suggest that the probability of producing functionally sequenced proteins of this length at random far |
| Match 325 (1):
Reference (016493 .. 016525, of 28480): |
Subject (003473 .. 003506, of 22118): |
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the duration of the explosion As Ohno has explained Assuming a spontaneous mutation rate to be a generous 10 9 per base pair per year and also assuming no negative interference by natural |
the duration of the explosion As Susumo Ohno has explained Assuming a spontaneous mutation rate to be a generous 10 9 per base pair per year and also assuming no negative interference by natural |
| Match 326 (1):
Reference (016534 .. 016581, of 28480): |
Subject (003507 .. 003554, of 22118): |
|
selection it still takes 10 million years to undergo 1 change in DNA base sequences It follows that 6 10 million years in the evolutionary time scale is but a blink of an eye The Cambrian explosion denoting the almost simultaneous emergence of nearly all the extant phyla |
selection it still takes 10 million years to undergo 1 change in DNA base sequences It follows that 6 10 million year in the evolutionary time scale is but a blink of an eye The Cambrian explosion denoting the almost simultaneous emergence of nearly all the extant phyla |
| Match 327 (1):
Reference (016582 .. 016602, of 28480): |
Subject (003559 .. 003579, of 22118): |
|
within the time span of 6 10 million years can t possibly be explained by mutational divergence of individual gene functions |
within the time span of 6 10 million years can t possibly be explained by mutational divergence of individual gene functions |
| Match 328 (1):
Reference (016700 .. 016734, of 28480): |
Subject (017228 .. 017262, of 22118): |
|
natural selection cannot contribute to the process of information generation until after the information necessary to build the requisite system of proteins has arisen Thus random variations must again do the work of information generation |
natural selection cannot contribute to the process of information generation until after the information necessary to build the requisite proteins has arisen Thus random variations alone must again do the creative work of information generation |
| Match 329 (1):
Reference (016783 .. 016797, of 28480): |
Subject (013807 .. 013821, of 22118): |
|
we can accept a certain amount of luck in our explanations but not too much |
we can accept a certain amount of luck in our explanations but not too much |
| Match 330 (1):
Reference (016920 .. 016929, of 28480): |
Subject (014541 .. 014553, of 22118): |
|
Adaptive advantage accrues after the generation of new functional genes |
adaptive advantage accrues only after the generation of functional proteins and the genes |
| Match 331 (1):
Reference (016920 .. 016931, of 28480): |
Subject (014541 .. 014550, of 22118): |
|
Adaptive advantage accrues after the generation of new functional genes and proteins |
adaptive advantage accrues only after the generation of functional proteins |
| Match 332 (1):
Reference (017071 .. 017087, of 28480): |
Subject (015008 .. 015021, of 22118): |
|
loss of function 102 Yet to turn one protein into another with a completely novel function requires |
loss Yet to turn one protein into another with a completely novel function requires |
| Match 333 (1):
Reference (017288 .. 017298, of 28480): |
Subject (014406 .. 014416, of 22118): |
|
sequences would thus confer no survival advantage on their host organisms |
sequences Yet these sequences would confer no survival advantage on organisms |
| Match 334 (1):
Reference (017300 .. 017322, of 28480): |
Subject (014420 .. 014442, of 22118): |
|
natural selection favors only functional advantage It cannot select or favor nucleotide sequences or polypeptide chains that do not yet perform biological functions |
Natural selection only favors functional advantage It cannot select or favor nucleotide sequences or polypeptide chains that do not yet perform biological functions |
| Match 335 (1):
Reference (017334 .. 017355, of 28480): |
Subject (014442 .. 014470, of 22118): |
|
function Evolving genes and proteins must range through a series of nonfunctional intermediate sequences that natural selection will not favor or preserve |
functions Yet evolving genes and proteins must in all probability range through a series of nonfunctional precursors or intermediate sequences that natural selection will not detect see or preserve |
| Match 336 (1):
Reference (017459 .. 017468, of 28480): |
Subject (017212 .. 017222, of 22118): |
|
function must arise first before natural selection can act to |
function must by definition arise before natural selection can act to |
| Match 337 (1):
Reference (017555 .. 017574, of 28480): |
Subject (017904 .. 017922, of 22118): |
|
the neo Darwinian mechanism run deeper still To explain the origin of the Cambrian animals one must account not only |
the neo Darwinian mechanism runs deeper still To explain the origin of the Cambrian animals one must not only |
| Match 338 (1):
Reference (017674 .. 017684, of 28480): |
Subject (018024 .. 018033, of 22118): |
|
proteins understanding of how body plans are built during ontogeny In |
in understanding how body plans are built during ontogeny In |
| Match 339 (1):
Reference (017688 .. 017730, of 28480): |
Subject (018082 .. 018129, of 22118): |
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has also uncovered a profound difficulty cutting to the core of neo Darwinism To create significant changes in the form of organisms requires attention to timing Mutations in genetic material that are expressed late in the development of an organism will not affect |
has also uncovered a profound difficulty cutting to the very core of the neo Darwinian view of life To create significant changes in the form of organisms requires an attention to timing Mutations in genetic material that are expressed late in the development of an organism will affect |
| Match 340 (1):
Reference (017740 .. 017750, of 28480): |
Subject (018170 .. 018180, of 22118): |
|
could conceivably produce gross changes in the morphology of an organism |
could conceivably produce gross changes in the morphology of an organism |
| Match 341 (1):
Reference (017752 .. 017762, of 28480): |
Subject (018182 .. 018194, of 22118): |
|
Thus events expressed early in the development of organisms have the |
Thus events that are expressed early in the development of organisms have the |
| Match 342 (1):
Reference (017762 .. 017771, of 28480): |
Subject (018198 .. 018207, of 22118): |
|
the only realistic chance of producing large scale macroevolutionary change |
the only realistic chance of producing large scale macroevolutionary change |
| Match 343 (1):
Reference (017773 .. 017785, of 28480): |
Subject (018209 .. 018221, of 22118): |
|
As Miklos and Johns explain macroevolutionary change requires changes in very early embryogenesis |
As Miklos and John explain macroevolutionary change requires changes in very early embryogenesis |
| Match 344 (1):
Reference (017788 .. 017852, of 28480): |
Subject (018228 .. 018294, of 22118): |
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recent studies in developmental biology make clear that mutations expressed early in development typically have deleterious or at best neutral effects including mutations in the crucially important master regulator or hox genes For example when early acting body plan molecules or morphogens such as bicoid which helps set up the anterior posterior head to tail axis in the fly Drosophila are perturbed development shuts down |
recent studies in developmental biology make clear mutations that are expressed early in development have inevitably deleterious or at best neutral effects 138 including mutations in the crucially important master regulator or hox genes For example when early acting body plan molecules or morphogens such as bicoid which helps set up the anterior posterior head to tail axis in the fly Drosophila are perturbed development shuts down |
| Match 345 (1):
Reference (017854 .. 017880, of 28480): |
Subject (018296 .. 018322, of 22118): |
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The resulting embryos die Moreover there is a good reason for this If an engineer modifies the length of the piston rods in an internal combustion engine |
The resulting embryos die Moreover there is a good reason for this If an engineer modifies the length of the piston rods in an internal combustion engine |
| Match 346 (1):
Reference (017882 .. 017922, of 28480): |
Subject (018326 .. 018367, of 22118): |
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modifying the crankshaft accordingly the engine won t start Similarly processes of development are so tightly integrated spatially and temporally that changes early in development will require a host of other coordinated changes in separate but functionally interrelated developmental processes downstream |
modify the crankshaft accordingly the engine won t start Similarly processes of development are so tightly integrated temporally and spatially that one change early in development will require a host of other coordinated changes in separate but functionally interrelated developmental processes downstream |
| Match 347 (1):
Reference (017954 .. 018036, of 28480): |
Subject (018420 .. 018504, of 22118): |
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This tight functional integration helps explain why mutations early in development inevitably result in embryonic death and why even mutations that are expressed somewhat later leave organisms crippled For example a regulative mutation in the bithorax gene expressed midway in the development of a fly does produce an extra pair of wings on a normally two winged creature Nevertheless this innovation produces a cripple that cannot fly because it lacks among other things a musculature to support the use of its new wings |
This tight functional integration helps explain why mutations early in development inevitably result in embryonic death and why even mutations that are expressed somewhat later leave organisms crippled For example a regulative mutation in the bithorax gene expressed mid way in the development of a fly does produce an extra pair of wings on a normally two winged creature Nevertheless this innovation produces a crippled fly that cannot fly because it lacks among other things a musculature to support the use of its new wings |
| Match 348 (1):
Reference (018038 .. 018063, of 28480): |
Subject (018507 .. 018533, of 22118): |
|
the developmental mutation was not accompanied by the many other coordinated developmental changes that would have been necessary to ensure the production of muscles at the |
the developmental mutation was not accompanied by the many other coordinated developmental changes that would have been necessary to ensure the production of appropriate muscles at the |
| Match 349 (1):
Reference (018072 .. 018116, of 28480): |
Subject (018534 .. 018583, of 22118): |
|
appropriate place on the fly s body the original mutation did not lead to a positive morphological change but to a strikingly deleterious one This problem has led to what geneticist John F McDonald has called a great Darwinian paradox He notes that genes that |
appropriate place on the fly s body the original mutation did not lead to a positive morphological change but to a strikingly deleterious one This problem has led to what University of Georgia geneticist John F McDonald has called the great Darwinian paradox 141 He notes that the genes that |
| Match 350 (1):
Reference (018118 .. 018132, of 28480): |
Subject (018587 .. 018602, of 22118): |
|
within natural populations seem to affect only minor aspects of form and function while genes |
within natural populations seem to affect only minor aspects of form and function while those genes |
| Match 351 (1):
Reference (018134 .. 018201, of 28480): |
Subject (018604 .. 018671, of 22118): |
|
govern major changes the very stuff of macroevolution apparently do not vary or vary only to the detriment of the organism As he puts it those genetic loci that are obviously variable within natural populations do not seem to lie at the basis of many major adaptive changes while those loci that seemingly do constitute the foundation of many if not most major adaptive changes are not variable |
govern major changes the very stuff of macroevolution apparently do not vary or vary only to the detriment of the organism As he puts it those genetic loci that are obviously variable within natural populations do not seem to lie at the basis of many major adaptive changes while those loci that seemingly do constitute the foundation of many if not most major adaptive changes are not variable |
| Match 352 (1):
Reference (018203 .. 018260, of 28480): |
Subject (018676 .. 018741, of 22118): |
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In other words the kind of mutations that macroevolution needs namely beneficial regulatory or Baupl ne mutations expressed during early development don t occur the kind it doesn t need namely viable genetic mutations in DNA expressed late in development do occur if infrequently Darwin wrote that nothing can be effected by natural selection unless favorable variations occur |
In other words the kind of mutations that macroevolution needs namely beneficial regulatory or bauplane mutations that are generally expressed during early development don t occur the kind it doesn t need namely viable genetic mutations in DNA generally expressed late in development do occur if still infrequently Yet as Darwin himself saw and wrote nothing can be effected by natural selection unless favorable variations occur |
| Match 353 (1):
Reference (018290 .. 018325, of 28480): |
Subject (018856 .. 018895, of 22118): |
|
Developmental biology has raised another formidable problem for the mutation selection mechanism Embryological evidence has long shown that DNA does not wholly determine morphological form suggesting that mutations in DNA alone cannot account for the morphological |
Developmental biology has also raised another equally formidable problem for the neo Darwinian mutation selection mechanism Embryological evidence has long shown that DNA does not wholly determine morphological form 145 Therefore mutations in DNA cannot account for the structural or |
| Match 354 (1):
Reference (018336 .. 018355, of 28480): |
Subject (018916 .. 018936, of 22118): |
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directs protein synthesis It also helps regulate the timing and expression of the synthesis of various proteins within cells Nevertheless |
directs protein synthesis It also helps to regulate the timing and expression of the synthesis of various proteins within cells Nevertheless |
| Match 355 (1):
Reference (018358 .. 018367, of 28480): |
Subject (018938 .. 018950, of 22118): |
|
does not determine how individual proteins assemble themselves into larger |
does not on its own determine how individual proteins assemble themselves into larger |
| Match 356 (1):
Reference (018390 .. 018411, of 28480): |
Subject (019018 .. 019043, of 22118): |
|
Instead other factors such as the structure and organization of the cell membrane and cytoskeleton play important roles in determining developmental pathways |
Instead other non genetic factors such as the structure and organization of the cell membrane and cytoskeleton play important roles in determining cellular organization developmental pathways |
| Match 357 (1):
Reference (018419 .. 018452, of 28480): |
Subject (019044 .. 019078, of 22118): |
|
For example the shape and location of microtubules in the cytoskeleton influence the patterning of embryos Arrays of microtubules help distribute the essential proteins used during development to their correct location in the cell |
For example the shape and location of microtubules in the cytoskeleton influence the so called patterning of embryos Arrays of microtubules help distribute essential proteins used during development to their correct location in the cell |
| Match 358 (1):
Reference (018454 .. 018463, of 28480): |
Subject (019080 .. 019089, of 22118): |
|
Of course microtubules themselves are made of many protein subunits |
Of course microtubules themselves are made of many protein subunits |
| Match 359 (1):
Reference (018464 .. 018485, of 28480): |
Subject (019095 .. 019116, of 22118): |
|
Nevertheless the protein subunits in the cell s microtubules are identical to one another Neither they nor the genes that produce them |
Nevertheless the protein subunits in the cell s microtubules are identical to one another Neither they nor the genes that produce them |
| Match 360 (1):
Reference (018490 .. 018511, of 28480): |
Subject (019117 .. 019138, of 22118): |
|
account for the different shapes and locations of microtubule arrays that distinguish different kinds of embryos and developmental pathways As Jonathan Wells |
account for the different shapes and locations of microtubule arrays that distinguish different kinds of embryos and development pathways As Jonathan Wells |
| Match 361 (1):
Reference (018514 .. 018539, of 28480): |
Subject (019142 .. 019167, of 22118): |
|
matters in development is the shape and location of microtubule arrays and the shape and location of a microtubule array is not determined by its units |
matters in development is the shape and location of microtubule arrays and the shape and location of a microtubule array is not determined by its units |
| Match 362 (1):
Reference (018541 .. 018596, of 28480): |
Subject (019169 .. 019229, of 22118): |
|
Two analogies may help At a building site builders will make use of many materials lumber wires nails drywall piping and windows Yet building materials do not determine the floor plan of the house or the arrangement of houses in a neighborhood Similarly electronic circuits are composed of many components such as resistors capacitors and transistors |
Two analogies may help At a building site builders will make use of many materials lumber wires nails dry wall piping and window panes Yet these building materials do not determine the floor plan of the house or the arrangement of houses in a neighborhood or subdivision Similarly electronic circuits are composed of many components such as resistors capacitors and transistors |
| Match 363 (1):
Reference (018599 .. 018634, of 28480): |
Subject (019234 .. 019268, of 22118): |
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lower level components do not determine their own arrangement in an integrated circuit Biological systems also depend on hierarchical arrangements of parts Genes and proteins are made from simple building blocks nucleotide bases and amino acids |
lower level components do not determine their arrangement on an integrated circuit Biological systems also depend upon hierarchical arrangements of parts Genes and proteins are made from simple building blocks nucleotide bases and amino acids |
| Match 364 (1):
Reference (018687 .. 018699, of 28480): |
Subject (019313 .. 019325, of 22118): |
|
do not determine the organization of the higher level structures and organizational patterns |
do not determine the organization of these higher level structures and organizational patterns |
| Match 365 (1):
Reference (018701 .. 018715, of 28480): |
Subject (019327 .. 019345, of 22118): |
|
It follows therefore that the genetic information that codes for proteins does not determine these |
It follows therefore that the information on the DNA that codes for proteins does not determine them either These |
| Match 366 (1):
Reference (018723 .. 018749, of 28480): |
Subject (019355 .. 019382, of 22118): |
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challenge to the sufficiency of the neo Darwinian mechanism Neo Darwinism seeks to explain the origin of new information form and structure as the result of selection |
challenge to the sufficiency of the neo Darwinian mechanism Neo Darwinism seeks to explain the origin of new information form and structure as the result of the selection |
| Match 367 (1):
Reference (018751 .. 018793, of 28480): |
Subject (019382 .. 019425, of 22118): |
|
on randomly arising variation at a very low level within the biological hierarchy namely within the genetic text Yet major morphological innovations depend on a specificity of arrangement at a much higher level of the organizational hierarchy that DNA alone does not determine |
selection of randomly arising variation at a very low level within the biological hierarchy namely within the genetic text Yet major morphological innovations depend upon a specificity of arrangement at a much higher level of the organizational hierarchy that DNA alone does not determine |
| Match 368 (1):
Reference (018825 .. 018834, of 28480): |
Subject (013108 .. 013124, of 22118): |
|
the mechanism of natural selection acting on random mutations in |
the neo Darwinian mechanism of natural selection acting on random variation does play a significant role in |
| Match 369 (1):
Reference (018869 .. 018879, of 28480): |
Subject (012971 .. 012982, of 22118): |
|
evolutionary model for explaining the origin of novel biological form in |
i e selforganization sufficed to explain the origin of biological information starting |
| Match 370 (1):
Reference (019939 .. 019948, of 28480): |
Subject (018193 .. 018207, of 22118): |
|
have a realistic chance of producing large scale evolutionary change |
have the greatest and probably the only realistic chance of producing large scale macroevolutionary change |
| Match 371 (1):
Reference (020234 .. 020249, of 28480): |
Subject (012861 .. 012877, of 22118): |
|
To quote Henry Quastler again the creation of new information is habitually associated with conscious activity |
To quote information theorist Henry Quastler the creation of new information is habitually associated with conscious activity |
| Match 372 (1):
Reference (020492 .. 020510, of 28480): |
Subject (014675 .. 014692, of 22118): |
|
by the illicit expedient of providing the computer with a target sequence and then treating relatively greater proximity to |
by the illicit expedient of providing the computer with a target sequence and treating relatively greater proximity to |
| Match 373 (1):
Reference (020562 .. 020580, of 28480): |
Subject (014722 .. 014747, of 22118): |
|
in nature In biology where differential survival depends upon maintaining function selection cannot occur before new functional sequencing arises |
Methinks it is like a weasel 110 In biology however where differential survival depends upon maintaining function selection can not occur before new functional sequencing arises |
| Match 374 (1):
Reference (020786 .. 020848, of 28480): |
Subject (019450 .. 019517, of 22118): |
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the highly specified hierarchical arrangements of parts in animal body plans also bespeak design At every level of the biological hierarchy organisms require specified and highly improbable arrangements of lower level constituents in order to maintain their form and function Genes require specified arrangements of nucleotide bases proteins require specified arrangements of amino acids new cell types require specified arrangements of proteins and |
the hierarchical and information rich arrangements of parts in animal body plans bespeak design At every level of the biological hierarchy organisms require a specified and highly improbable arrangements of lower lever constituents in order to maintain their form and function Genes require specified arrangements of nucleotide bases proteins require specified arrangements of amino acids new cell types and organs require specified arrangements or systems of proteins and |
| Match 375 (1):
Reference (020853 .. 020886, of 28480): |
Subject (019518 .. 019551, of 22118): |
|
body plans require specialized arrangements of cell types and organs Organisms not only contain information rich components such as proteins and genes but they comprise information rich arrangements of those components and the subsystems |
body plans require specialized arrangements of cell types and organs Organisms not only contain information rich components such as proteins and genes but they comprise information rich arrangements of these components and the subsystems |
| Match 376 (1):
Reference (020889 .. 020899, of 28480): |
Subject (019554 .. 019564, of 22118): |
|
them Based on experience we know that intelligent human agents have |
them Based on our experience we know that intelligent agents have |
| Match 377 (1):
Reference (020917 .. 020938, of 28480): |
Subject (019593 .. 019608, of 22118): |
|
in which both individual modules and also the hierarchical arrangements of those modules exhibit complexity and functional specificity information so defined Individual |
in which both individual modules and the arrangement of those modules exhibit complexity and specificity Individual |
| Match 378 (1):
Reference (020947 .. 020971, of 28480): |
Subject (019617 .. 019645, of 22118): |
|
exhibit considerable complexity and specificity of design at a higher level of organization their specific arrangement and connection within an integrated circuit reflects further design |
exhibit considerable complexity and specificity of design Yet at a higher level of organization the specific arrangement and connection of these components within an integrated circuit reflects further design |
| Match 379 (1):
Reference (021003 .. 021015, of 28480): |
Subject (019688 .. 019700, of 22118): |
|
that has this capacity Certainly we have good reasons to doubt that either |
that has this capacity Certainly we have good reasons to doubt that the |
| Match 380 (1):
Reference (021063 .. 021080, of 28480): |
Subject (019703 .. 019717, of 22118): |
|
mechanisms Thus based on our experience and analysis of the causal powers of various explanatory processes and entities |
mechanism does Thus based upon our present experience of the causal powers of various entities |
| Match 381 (1):
Reference (021102 .. 021115, of 28480): |
Subject (013006 .. 013014, of 22118): |
|
the best most causally adequate explanation for the origin of the speci fied information |
the best explanation for the origin of the information |
| Match 382 (1):
Reference (021107 .. 021118, of 28480): |
Subject (013163 .. 013172, of 22118): |
|
explanation for the origin of the speci fied information required to build |
explanation for the origin of the information required to build |
| Match 383 (1):
Reference (021144 .. 021155, of 28480): |
Subject (020497 .. 020507, of 22118): |
|
Design can also explain another feature of the Cambrian explosion the socalled |
Design also explains another feature of the Cambrian explosion the so |
| Match 384 (1):
Reference (021154 .. 021167, of 28480): |
Subject (005594 .. 005605, of 22118): |
|
the socalled top down pattern of appearance in which major morphological innovation and disparity |
the fossil record shows a top down pattern in which morphological disparity |
| Match 385 (1):
Reference (021182 .. 021206, of 28480): |
Subject (020515 .. 020538, of 22118): |
|
above the fossil record shows a hierarchical top down pattern in which phyla level morphological disparity appears first followed only later by species level diversity |
above the fossil record shows a hierarchical topdown pattern in which phyla level morphological disparity appears first followed only later by species level diversity |
| Match 386 (1):
Reference (021238 .. 021247, of 28480): |
Subject (020597 .. 020607, of 22118): |
|
employ what might be called bottom up modes of causation |
employs what might be called a bottom up mode of causation |
| Match 387 (1):
Reference (021248 .. 021264, of 28480): |
Subject (020559 .. 020573, of 22118): |
|
Neo Darwinism for example seeks to explain the origin of novel body plans by starting with simpler |
Neo Darwinism seeks to explain the origin of novel body plans by starting with simpler |
| Match 388 (1):
Reference (021267 .. 021284, of 28480): |
Subject (020576 .. 020593, of 22118): |
|
and gradually assembling animals with more complex body plans via the gradual accumulation of small successive material variations |
and gradually assembling animals with more complex body plans via the gradual accumulation of small successive material variations |
| Match 389 (1):
Reference (021363 .. 021392, of 28480): |
Subject (020632 .. 020658, of 22118): |
|
The bottom up metaphor thus describes a kind of self assembly in which the gradual production of the material parts eventually generates a new mode of organization for the whole |
The bottom up metaphor thus describes a kind of self assembly in which the gradual production of the material parts eventually generates the organization of the whole |
| Match 390 (1):
Reference (021394 .. 021432, of 28480): |
Subject (020661 .. 020698, of 22118): |
|
approach suggests that the parts stand causally prior to the organization of the whole As we have argued however this approach encounters both paleontological and biological diffi culties the fossil record leaves no evidence of the occurrence of such |
approach suggests that the parts stand causally prior to the organization of the whole As we have argued however this approach encounters both paleontological and biological difficulties the fossil record leaves no evidence of the occurrence of such |
| Match 391 (1):
Reference (021451 .. 021460, of 28480): |
Subject (005594 .. 005601, of 22118): |
|
the subsequent fossil record shows precisely a top down pattern |
the fossil record shows a top down pattern |
| Match 392 (1):
Reference (021592 .. 021639, of 28480): |
Subject (021290 .. 021335, of 22118): |
|
Since the invention of the automobile for example all such systems have included four wheels two axles a drive shaft and a motor Though many new variations on the original model have arisen after the invention of the basic automobile design all exemplify this same basic design plan |
Since the invention of the automobile all such systems have included four wheels two axles a drive shaft and a motor Though many new variations on the original model have arisen after the invention of the basic automobile design all exemplify this same basic design plan |
| Match 393 (1):
Reference (021657 .. 021693, of 28480): |
Subject (021350 .. 021384, of 22118): |
|
diversity The major animal body plans appear first instantiated by only a single or very few species Then later many other varieties arise with many new features yet with all still exhibiting the same basic body plan |
diversity The major animal body plans appear first instantiated by a single or very few species Then later many other varieties arise with many new features yet all still exhibit the same basic body plan |
| Match 394 (1):
Reference (021924 .. 021933, of 28480): |
Subject (018899 .. 018908, of 22118): |
|
to the new body plans that arise in the Cambrian |
to construct the body plans that arise in the Cambrian |
| Match 395 (1):
Reference (021993 .. 022004, of 28480): |
Subject (020769 .. 020780, of 22118): |
|
blueprint stands causally prior to the assembly and arrangement of the parts |
blueprint stands causally prior to the assembly and arrangement of the parts |
| Match 396 (1):
Reference (022074 .. 022084, of 28480): |
Subject (020835 .. 020844, of 22118): |
|
precedes and guides the assembly of parts in accord with that |
precedes the assembly of parts in a accord with a |
| Match 397 (1):
Reference (022122 .. 022149, of 28480): |
Subject (020798 .. 020825, of 22118): |
|
One possibility involves mental rather than material causation We know from experience that intelligent agents often conceive of plans prior to the material instantiation of the systems that |
One possibility involves a mental rather than material mode of causation We know from experience that intelligent agents often conceive of plans prior to their material instantiation that |
| Match 398 (1):
Reference (022154 .. 022164, of 28480): |
Subject (000523 .. 000536, of 22118): |
|
that is the intelligent design of a blueprint often precedes the |
that is intelligent design explains the origin of the animal body plans in the |
| Match 399 (1):
Reference (022154 .. 022172, of 28480): |
Subject (020825 .. 020847, of 22118): |
|
that is the intelligent design of a blueprint often precedes the assembly of parts in accord with a blueprint |
that is the intelligent design of a blue print often precedes the assembly of parts in a accord with a pre conceived blue |
| Match 400 (1):
Reference (022180 .. 022198, of 28480): |
Subject (020913 .. 020931, of 22118): |
|
the parts do not generate the whole Rather an idea of the whole directs the assembly of the parts |
the parts do not generate the whole Rather an idea of the whole directed the assembly of the parts |
| Match 401 (1):
Reference (022201 .. 022210, of 28480): |
Subject (020933 .. 020944, of 22118): |
|
form of causation explain the pattern in the fossil record |
form of causation can certainly explain the pattern in the fossil record |
| Match 402 (1):
Reference (022263 .. 022274, of 28480): |
Subject (020856 .. 020867, of 22118): |
|
at General Motors plant will see no direct evidence of a prior |
a General Motors plant will see no direct evidence of a prior |
| Match 403 (1):
Reference (022282 .. 022303, of 28480): |
Subject (020871 .. 020893, of 22118): |
|
Motors new models but will perceive the basic design plan upon observing the finished product at the end of the assembly line |
s new models but will perceive the basic design plan immediately upon observing the finished product at the end of the assembly line |
| Match 404 (1):
Reference (022369 .. 022385, of 28480): |
Subject (020993 .. 021007, of 22118): |
|
Thus while the fossil record does not and cannot directly establish the prior existence of a mental |
Thus while the fossil record does not directly establish the existence of a prior mental |
| Match 405 (1):
Reference (022390 .. 022404, of 28480): |
Subject (021012 .. 021025, of 22118): |
|
the preexistence of such a design plan could certainly explain the top down pattern of |
the existence of such a plan could certainly explain the top down pattern of |
| Match 406 (1):
Reference (022412 .. 022429, of 28480): |
Subject (021033 .. 021050, of 22118): |
|
In other words if the body plans of the Cambrian animals did arise as the result of an |
In other words if the body plans of the Cambrian animals did arise as the result of a |
| Match 407 (1):
Reference (022428 .. 022446, of 28480): |
Subject (021054 .. 021068, of 22118): |
|
of an intelligent cause involving preconceived design plan we would expect from our experience of the histories of designed |
of causation involving pre conceived design plan we would expect from our experience of designed |
| Match 408 (1):
Reference (022450 .. 022463, of 28480): |
Subject (021468 .. 021477, of 22118): |
|
precisely the kind of top down pattern of innovation that we see in the |
precisely the kind of pattern that we see in the |
| Match 409 (1):
Reference (022543 .. 022554, of 28480): |
Subject (021881 .. 021895, of 22118): |
|
Thus intelligent design provides a better more causally adequate explanation of the |
Thus intelligent design provides a better more causally adequate explanation of this feature of the |
| Match 410 (1):
Reference (022581 .. 022598, of 28480): |
Subject (021143 .. 021159, of 22118): |
|
also help explain why smaller scale diversity arises after and not before morphological disparity in the fossil record |
also explains why smaller scale diversity arises after and not before morphological disparity in the fossil record |
| Match 411 (1):
Reference (022619 .. 022640, of 28480): |
Subject (019947 .. 019971, of 22118): |
|
difficult Though the Model A has been replaced by everything from the Yugo to the Honda Accord the basic automobile body plan |
difficult or even impossible Though the Model A has been replaced by everything from the Yugo to the Honda Accord the basic automobile body plan |
| Match 412 (1):
Reference (022640 .. 022650, of 28480): |
Subject (019982 .. 019995, of 22118): |
|
plan has remained unchanged from its first appearance in the late |
a motor for example has remained unchanged from its first appearance in the late |
| Match 413 (1):
Reference (022640 .. 022652, of 28480): |
Subject (019982 .. 019997, of 22118): |
|
plan has remained unchanged from its first appearance in the late nineteenth century |
a motor for example has remained unchanged from its first appearance in the late 19th century |
| Match 414 (1):
Reference (022659 .. 022691, of 28480): |
Subject (020022 .. 020057, of 22118): |
|
automobiles have also retained their morphological distance from other functionally distinct technological devices Indeed what we recognize as morphological disparity in biological systems has a direct analogue in our own technology In biology |
automobiles have also retained their morphological distance or structural disparity from other functionally distinct technological devices Indeed what we recognize as morphological disparity in biological systems has a direct analogue in our own technology In biology |
| Match 415 (1):
Reference (022694 .. 022779, of 28480): |
Subject (020063 .. 020150, of 22118): |
|
different body plans differ fundamentally from each other in their overall organization A starfish and a crab for example may exhibit some similarities in their low level protein parts but they differ fundamentally in their digestive systems their nervous systems and in the overall organization of their organs and body parts In the same way automobiles and airplanes may have many similar parts but they also differ in the composition of their distinguishing parts and in their overall organization In both the biological and technological case |
different organismal body plans are systems differing fundamentally from each other in their overall organization A crinoid and a crab for example may exhibit some similarities in their low level protein parts but they differ fundamentally in their digestive systems their nervous systems and in the overall organization of their organs and body parts In the same way automobiles and airplanes have many similar parts but they also differ in the composition of their distinguishing parts and in their overall organization In both the biological and technological case |
| Match 416 (1):
Reference (022786 .. 022819, of 28480): |
Subject (020179 .. 020211, of 22118): |
|
systems from one another Consider another example The basic technology of the CD ROM as employed for instance in audio systems and computers did not evolve incrementally from earlier technologies such as magnetic media |
systems Consider a non biological example The basic technology of the CD ROM as employed for instance in audio systems and computers did not evolve incrementally from earlier technologies such as magnetic media |
| Match 417 (1):
Reference (022786 .. 022929, of 28480): |
Subject (020179 .. 020321, of 22118): |
|
systems from one another Consider another example The basic technology of the CD ROM as employed for instance in audio systems and computers did not evolve incrementally from earlier technologies such as magnetic media for example digital tape or disc storage or analog systems such as the once standard long playing LP record Indeed it could not In an analog recording information is stored as three dimensional microscopic grooves in a vinyl surface and is detected mechanically by a diamond stylus This means of storing and detecting information differs fundamentally as a system from the digitally encoded pits storing data in the silvered surface of a CD ROM where information is detected optically not mechanically by a laser beam Moreover as a novel system the CD ROM had to be engineered from scratch and as a result it displays a striking structural disparity or |
systems Consider a non biological example The basic technology of the CD ROM as employed for instance in audio systems and computers did not evolve incrementally from earlier technologies such as magnetic media e g digital tape or disc storage or analog systems such as the once standard long playing LP record Indeed it could not In an analog recording information is stored as three dimensional microscopic grooves in a vinyl surface and is detected mechanically by a diamond stylus This means of storing and detecting information differs fundamentally as a system from the digitally encoded pits storing data in the silvered surface of a CD ROM where information is detected optically not mechanically by a laser beam Moreover as a novel system the CD ROM had to be engineered from scratch and as a result it displays a striking structural disparity or |
| Match 418 (1):
Reference (022938 .. 022953, of 28480): |
Subject (020322 .. 020339, of 22118): |
|
isolation from all other types of technological devices even those that perform roughly the same function |
isolation from of all other types of technological devices indeed even those that perform roughly the same function |
| Match 419 (1):
Reference (022954 .. 023005, of 28480): |
Subject (020368 .. 020420, of 22118): |
|
As Denton expresses the point What is true of sentences and watches is also true of computer programs airplane engines and in fact of all known complex systems Almost invariably function is restricted to unique and fantastically improbable combinations of subsystems tiny islands of meaning lost in an infinite sea of incoherence |
As Michael Denton expresses the point What is true of sentences and watches is also true of computer programs airplane engines and in fact of all known complex systems Almost invariably function is restricted to unique and fantastically improbable combinations of subsystems tiny islands of meaning lost in an infinite sea of incoherence |
| Match 420 (1):
Reference (023026 .. 023037, of 28480): |
Subject (019936 .. 019954, of 22118): |
|
that makes the modification of basic architectures difficult or even impossible Airplanes |
that makes the modification of some parts of their basic architecture difficult or even impossible Though the Model A |
| Match 421 (1):
Reference (023087 .. 023170, of 28480): |
Subject (021385 .. 021467, of 22118): |
|
Experience shows a certain hierarchical relationship between functionally necessary and functionally optional features in designed systems An automobile cannot function without two axles but it can function with or without twin I beam suspension antilock brakes or stereo surround sound This distinction between functionally necessary and optional features suggests the possibility of future innovation and variation on basic design plans even as it imposes limits on the extent to which the basic designs themselves can be altered The logic of designed systems therefore suggests |
Experience shows a certain hierarchical relationship between functionally necessary and functionally optional features in designed systems An automobile cannot function without two axles it can function with or without twin I beam suspension antilock brakes or stereo surround sound This distinction between functionally necessary and optional features suggests the possibility of future innovation and variation on basic design plans even as it imposes limits on the extent to which the basic designs themselves can be altered The logic of designed systems therefore suggests |
| Match 422 (1):
Reference (023212 .. 023222, of 28480): |
Subject (020429 .. 020442, of 22118): |
|
isolated systems that perform specialized functions invariably result from intelligent design |
isolated systems i e those that perform specialized functions invariably result from intelligent design |
| Match 423 (1):
Reference (023225 .. 023236, of 28480): |
Subject (020451 .. 020461, of 22118): |
|
disparity or isolation constitutes a kind of diagnostic of designed systems Intelligent |
disparity or isolation constitutes a diagnostic of designed systems Indeed intelligent |
| Match 424 (1):
Reference (023332 .. 023367, of 28480): |
Subject (021534 .. 021571, of 22118): |
|
D Sudden Appearance and Absence of Ancestral Precursors Finally intelligent design can also explain the sudden appearance of the animal body plans that arise in the Cambrian and the absence of ancestral precursors in the Precambrian |
D Sudden Appearance and Absence of Ancestral Precursors Finally the theory of intelligent design also explains both the sudden appearance of the animal body plans in the Cambrian and the absence of ancestral precursors in the pre Cambrian |
| Match 425 (1):
Reference (023382 .. 023391, of 28480): |
Subject (021588 .. 021598, of 22118): |
|
transitional intermediates leading to the emergence of distinct body plans |
transitional intermediate forms leading to the emergence of distinct body plans |
| Match 426 (1):
Reference (023401 .. 023471, of 28480): |
Subject (021600 .. 021670, of 22118): |
|
these theories envision bottom up modes of causation in which material parts or materially instantiated intermediate forms of organization necessarily precede the emergence of fully developed new body plans On the other hand if body plans arose as the result of an intelligent agent acting to actualize an immaterial plan or mental concept then material precursors to the animal body plans need not exist in the fossil record Thus intelligent design |
these theories envision a bottom up mode of causation in which material parts or materially instantiated intermediate forms of organization necessarily precede the emergence of fully developed body plans On the other hand if body plans arose as the result of an intelligent agent acting to actualize an immaterial plan or mental concept then material precursors to the animal body plans need not exist in the fossil record Thus intelligent design |
| Match 427 (1):
Reference (023476 .. 023494, of 28480): |
Subject (021671 .. 021689, of 22118): |
|
can explain the absence of material antecedents in the fossil record Immaterial plans need not leave a material trace |
can explain the absence of material antecedents in the fossil record Immaterial plans need not leave a material trace |
| Match 428 (1):
Reference (023507 .. 023523, of 28480): |
Subject (021699 .. 021717, of 22118): |
|
evolutionary models can explain the dearth of material precursors and transitional intermediates in the Precambrian rocks Similarly |
evolutionary model can presently explain the dearth of material precursors and transitional intermediates in the pre Cambrian rocks Similarly |
| Match 429 (1):
Reference (023534 .. 023566, of 28480): |
Subject (021721 .. 021746, of 22118): |
|
have examined has a difficult time explaining the geologically sudden appearance of the Cambrian fauna neo Darwinism in part because its mechanism requires vast amounts of time self organization and punctuated equilibrium because |
have a difficult time explaining the geologically sudden appearance of the Cambrian fauna neo Darwinism because its mechanism requires vast amounts of time punctuated equilibrium because |
| Match 430 (1):
Reference (023568 .. 023616, of 28480): |
Subject (021748 .. 021795, of 22118): |
|
lack efficacious mechanisms of any kind Neo Darwinism in particular would not expect a geologically sudden appearance of animal form As Darwin himself insisted natura non facit saltum nature takes no leaps Yet intelligent agents can act suddenly or discretely in accord with their powers of purpose and volition |
lacks an efficacious mechanism of any kind Neo Darwinism in particular would not expect a geologically sudden appearance of animal form As Darwin himself insisted natura non facit saltum nature takes no leaps Yet intelligent agents can act suddenly or discretely in accord with their powers of volition |
| Match 431 (1):
Reference (023621 .. 023631, of 28480): |
Subject (006283 .. 006295, of 22118): |
|
appearance of the various animal phyla in the Cambrian fossil record |
appearance for many of the phyla that first appear in the fossil record |
| Match 432 (1):
Reference (023632 .. 023643, of 28480): |
Subject (021805 .. 021814, of 22118): |
|
does suggest the possibility of the purposeful and volitional action of a |
does suggests the possibility of a volitional act of a |
| Match 433 (1):
Reference (023649 .. 023659, of 28480): |
Subject (021816 .. 021827, of 22118): |
|
Darwin himself regarded evidence of saltation sudden appearance as evidence for |
Darwin himself regarded evidence of real saltation sudden appearance as evidence for |
| Match 434 (1):
Reference (023679 .. 023688, of 28480): |
Subject (021841 .. 021850, of 22118): |
|
A discrete volitional act or acts of creation by a |
A discrete volitional act or acts of creation by an |
| Match 435 (1):
Reference (023690 .. 023700, of 28480): |
Subject (021852 .. 021862, of 22118): |
|
designer would therefore explain the sudden appearance of the Cambrian animals |
designer could therefore explain the sudden appearance of the Cambrian animals |
| Match 436 (1):
Reference (023740 .. 023751, of 28480): |
Subject (021886 .. 021897, of 22118): |
|
better more causally adequate explanation of this feature of the Cambrian explosion |
better more causally adequate explanation of this feature of the Cambrian explosion |
| Match 437 (1):
Reference (023760 .. 023811, of 28480): |
Subject (021907 .. 021952, of 22118): |
|
to a purely materialistic explanation will instinctively deny the very possibility of top down intelligent causation Yet we regularly employ precisely this mode of explanation especially when we encounter the kinds of patterns and features that we see in the fossil record Indeed we see in the fossil record several distinctive features |
to explanation will instinctively deny the very possibility of top down intelligent causation Yet we regularly employ precisely this mode of explanation especially when we encounter the kinds of patterns that we see in the fossil record Indeed we see in the fossil record several features |
| Match 438 (1):
Reference (023830 .. 023841, of 28480): |
Subject (005598 .. 005605, of 22118): |
|
a top down pattern of innovation in which large scale morphological disparity |
a top down pattern in which morphological disparity |
| Match 439 (1):
Reference (023849 .. 023858, of 28480): |
Subject (021975 .. 021984, of 22118): |
|
of structural or morphological disparities between separate organizational systems and |
of structural or morphological disparities between separate organizational systems and |
| Match 440 (1):
Reference (023863 .. 023899, of 28480): |
Subject (022018 .. 022053, of 22118): |
|
simultaneous emergence of functionally integrated material parts within novel organizational body plans When we encounter objects that manifest any of these several features and we know how they arose we invariably find that a purposeful agent or |
simultaneous emergence of functionally integrated material parts within novel organizational body plans When we encounter objects that manifest any of these several features and we know how they arose we invariably find that intelligent agency or |
| Match 441 (1):
Reference (023899 .. 023909, of 28480): |
Subject (012231 .. 012244, of 22118): |
|
or intelligent designer played a causal role in their origin Thus |
originated invariably intelligent design played a role in the origin of such systems Thus |
| Match 442 (1):
Reference (023900 .. 023912, of 28480): |
Subject (012351 .. 012360, of 22118): |
|
intelligent designer played a causal role in their origin Thus when we encounter |
intelligent design played a causal role Thus when we encounter |
| Match 443 (1):
Reference (023900 .. 023958, of 28480): |
Subject (022051 .. 022110, of 22118): |
|
intelligent designer played a causal role in their origin Thus when we encounter all these same features in the fossil record we may infer based upon established cause and effect relationships and uniformitarian principles that the same kind of cause operated in the history of life In other words intelligent design constitutes the best most causally adequate explanation of |
intelligent agency or design played a causal role in their origin Thus when we encounter all these same features in the fossil record we may infer based upon established cause effect relationships and uniformitarian principles that the same kind of cause operated in the history of life In other words intelligent design constitutes the best explanation for the origin of |
| Match 444 (1):
Reference (024843 .. 024880, of 28480): |
Subject (002062 .. 002099, of 22118): |
|
In any case stasis is also a pervasive characteristic of individual genera and species The trilobite specialist Niles Eldredge of the American Museum in New York for example describes commencing his work in the 1960s on the trilobite |
In any case stasis is also a pervasive characteristic of individual genera and species The trilobite specialist Niles Eldredge of the American Museum in New York for example describes commencing his work in the 1960s on the trilobite |
| Match 445 (1):
Reference (024882 .. 024896, of 28480): |
Subject (002101 .. 002114, of 22118): |
|
Phacops Rana Eldredge sampled Middle Devonian strata across the United States only to discover that |
Phacops Eldredge sampled Middle Devonian strata across the United States only to discover that |
| Match 446 (1):
Reference (024901 .. 024918, of 28480): |
Subject (002115 .. 002132, of 22118): |
|
the trilobites did not vary smoothly and gradually between species as he had expected They too exhibited stasis |
the trilobites did not varying smoothly and gradually between species as he had expected They too exhibited stasis |
| Match 447 (1):
Reference (027088 .. 027106, of 28480): |
Subject (010453 .. 010472, of 22118): |
|
Gregory A Wray Jeffrey S Levinton and Leo H Shapiro Molecular Evidence for Deep Precambrian Divergences among Metazoan Phyla |
Gregory A Wray Jeffrey S Levinton and Leo H Shapiro entitled Molecular Evidence for Deep Precambrian Divergences Among Metazoan Phyla |